Browsing by Subject "Transit oriented development"
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Item The accessibility assessment and the regional range of transit-oriented development: An application of schedule accessibility measures in the Nord Pas-de-Calais region(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2018) Conesa, AlexisTransit-oriented development (TOD) arouses a great deal of interest as the interaction between transport and land use becomes a key topic in regional and urban planning. Even though accessibility is a key driving factor, it is barely assessed with accuracy. In Europe, the scope of TOD effects is large. It strongly influences the development of regional transport. Regarding that, this research brings forward a method that is based on multiscale accessibility measures to evaluate TOD strategy in a metropolitan European region. Hence, it proposes a multiscale accessibility method. On one hand, it introduces the pedestrian accessibility indicators at the local scale. On the other hand, it tackles the schedule accessibility measures in a constraints-based approach at the regional scale. This method is implemented in assessing the potential of TOD strategy in Nord Pas-de-Calais (France). For that, two TOD scenarios are presented. The first one tackles the main metropolitan center but does not include downtown. The second one deals with a second-order peripheral pole. These scenarios present difficulties in gathering both an effective local TOD and a sustainable development policy at the regional scale. However, a TOD center can enhance the intermediate scale urban centrality when using intermediate schedule accessibility measures (for coaches and buses). Furthermore, the indicators about the rail transit system highlight an uncertainty in the regional effects, which can only be solved by applying a major and expensive policy. The final remarks pave the way for further research regarding a full-fledged regional TOD strategy that includes a well-ordered dissemination of TOD centers.Item Achieving System-Level, Transit-Oriented Jobs-Housing Balance: Perspectives of Twin Cities Developers and Business Leaders(Center for Transportation Studies, University of Minnesota, 2013-08) Fan, Yingling; Guthrie, AndrewFully realizing the potential of the growing regional transit system will depend in large part on the actions of private-sector real estate developers and employers. With support from the Sustainable Communities Regional Planning grant awarded to the Council by HUD, the EPA and USDOT, researchers from the University of Minnesota's Humphrey School of Public Affairs conducted a series of conversations with Twin Cities developers and business executives aimed at developing strategies for attracting a wide range of affordable housing choices and living-wage jobs to transit station areas. The research approach centered on in-depth, open-ended interviews with developers and business leaders. Questions focused on primary site selection factors, the role of transportation/transit access in site selection and how that role might change as the regional transitway system matures. Interview transcripts were analyzed through both close readings by the research team and content analysis using the NVivo software package. The research found significant, pent-up demand for transit accessible locations along with significant obstacles to actually selecting them, including automobile-centric development regulations, the lack of zoning allowing TOD's to be built by right, and a need for employers to continue meeting current employees' automotive access needs while preparing for future employees' transit access demands. Policy recommendations include encouraging public-private sector communication, especially with types of developers and employers that demonstrate strong interest in transit access, promoting diverse, walkable neighborhoods in and out of transitway corridors, promoting diverse affordable housing options by allowing consideration of transportation savings possible with transit and accelerating the development of high-quality local and regional transit.Item Defining critical success factors in TOD implementation using rough set analysis(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2017) Thomas, Ren; Bertolini, LucaThis paper defines critical success conditions in transit-oriented development (TOD), evaluating the impact of practices, policies, and governance models on implementation. As part of a meta-analysis of 11 international case studies, 16 critical success factors were developed and validated using rough set analysis. The results show that political stability at the national level, relationships between actors in the region, interdisciplinary teams used to implement TOD, and public participation are the most significant success factors in TOD implementation. The set of decision rules reveals that several combinations of critical success factors have been effective in achieving implementation across city-regions in different contexts.Item Delivering the ’D’ in transit-oriented development: Examining the town planning challenge(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2012) Curtis, CareyThis paper examines the extent to which different town planning approaches succeed in implementing transit-oriented development (TOD). Of particular interest is the articulation of town planning policy through to implementation of development change on land around railway stations. A series of investigations include policy analysis and development mapping using Perth, Western Australia, as a case study. This research found that development change has been slow despite long policy lead times, and implementation has been inconsistent and patchy. Development planning for TOD has faltered, especially in relation to station precincts on new railways. Where development change has occurred, the greatest success has been through the use of public development agencies rather than through conventional planning approaches. Significant action in town planning is needed if development is to be delivered to a greater number of station precincts across the metropolitan area.Item Do people walk more in transit-accessible places?(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2020) Choi, Yunkyung; Guhathakurta, SubhrajitWhile transit-oriented developments (TODs) are generally believed to promote the use of sustainable travel modes, the degree to which various components of TODs influence travel behavior is still debatable. This paper revisits Chatman’s (2013) question: “Does TOD need the T?” by addressing the effect of rail transit access in influencing walking behavior in TOD areas. In particular, we compare TODs to other similar areas, with rail transit access being the key variable, and examine whether people are more likely to walk in TODs for purposes other than transit use. This hypothesis is tested using traffic analysis zones (TAZs) in the Atlanta Metropolitan Region. First, we identify TAZs within rail catchment areas and use propensity scores to match them with other TAZs with similar built environmental characteristics except for rail transit access. We then conduct a statistical analysis comparing walking trips for both commuting and non-commuting trips in these two TAZ groups. Our results confirm that the likelihood of walking trips increases in transit-accessible TAZs compared to other similar areas without transit. Therefore, states and localities can maximize the benefits of pedestrian-friendly built environments by making rail transit access an important part of their planning and design.Item Does metro proximity promote happiness? Evidence from Shanghai(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2018) Li, Wan; Sun, Bindong; Yin, Chun; Zhang, Tinglin; Liu, QianqianAlthough an increasing number of scholars are evaluating rail transit benefits, there have been surprisingly few studies of the links between metro proximity and happiness. The principal objective of this paper is to assess the benefits of metro proximity for individual’s happiness. A key challenge to empirically answering this question is the fact that residential location is likely to be the result of self-selection, i.e., personal preference, such that living around a rail station can increase residents’ happiness. Taking advantage of the largely exogenous residential locations of those who bought their house 10 years earlier than the operation of their nearest metro station and those households living in non-market housing in Shanghai, we find proximity to a subway station robustly promotes happiness at the individual level. These results suggest that the development of rail transit and transit-oriented development (TOD) are promising ways to increase happiness.Item Enhancing Transportation: The Effects of Public Involvement(University of Minnesota Center for Transportation Studies, 2007-09) Schively, Carissa; Beekman, Meagan; Carlson, Cynthia; Reed, JennThis research examines the nature and effects of inclusive and effective participation in the planning and design of transportation facilities. The study develops a common base of information to guide the development and organization of planning and design processes for transportation facilities and provide a consistent methodology for evaluating process outcomes. The study places a particular focus on the criteria for effective participation, techniques used to engage the public, as well as the implications of public involvement on type, location, design, and program for transportation projects. In addition, the research identifies broader community benefits associated with effective participation processes. The study includes an additional focus on understanding the role of professional design experts in participatory processes. Six transportation project case studies are examined, pointing to a number of lessons to be considered by designers, agencies, and the public. The study concludes with best practices for public involvement in planning and design processes for transportation projects. This report is an executive summary of a longer report, which will be posted here soon. In the meantime, please contact Carissa Schively Slotterback at schiv005@umn.edu.Item Examining the effects of proximity to rail transit on travel to non-work destinations: Evidence from Yelp data for cities in North America and Europe(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2019) Jiang, Zhiqiu; Mondschein, AndrewUrban planners often seek to establish land use patterns around transit stations that encourage non-auto travel. However, the willingness of travelers to use different modes in the vicinity of transit remains understudied, in part because of the lack of spatially-precise data on destination and mode choices. Using transportation content extracted from Yelp, a location-based social network (LBSN), we investigate how travel mode to non-work destinations is influenced by proximity to transit. We use textual analysis to analyze travel for non-work activities in seven cities across North America and Europe. Mixed-effect and binomial logistic models show how reported travel by mode varies by distance to rail transit stations. We find that for most non-work activity purposes, reported rail use is highly sensitive to proximity to stations, but some purposes are more amenable to rail use overall. Additionally, compared to non-US cities, US cities are far more parking-dependent near rail stations. The results suggest that not all activities elicit the same levels of non-auto travel, and transit-oriented planning should account for specific activities and regional factors that may modify willingness to travel by different modes. While subject to limitations, LBSNs can illuminate local travel with greater spatial specificity than traditional surveys.Item How density, diversity, land use and neighborhood type influences bus mobility in the Swedish city of Karlstad: Mixing spatial analytic and typo-morphological approaches to assess the indirect effect of urban form on travel(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2018) Stojanovski, TodorIn the research on the effect of urban form on travel, a set of D-variables (density, diversity, design, destination accessibility, etc.) describes land use. Typo-morphology studies the historical emergence and evolution of urban patterns and their elements. In the typo-morphological approach, land use is an underlying element of neighborhood type. Neighborhood type defines urban areas that are relatively similar according to a range of attributes, such as building types, lot sizes, street layouts and land uses. This paper juxtaposes these two approaches to investigate the effect of density and diversity, land use and neighborhood type on bus mobility in the Swedish city of Karlstad. The results show that the number of residents and jobs in standard 400-meter walksheds around bus stops explains a third of the variation in bus ridership, which corresponds to previous studies in Sweden. The scatter plots with neighborhood types indicate that bus patronage variables and the D-variables cluster in intervals. This information about ranges and maximums in bus patronage in different neighborhood types is particularly important for urban designers and planners who work with typologies, form-based codes (FBCs) or transit-oriented development (TOD).Item How Well-Designed Transportation Projects Make Great Places(University of Minnesota Center for Transportation Studies, 2007-09) Goldberg, AndrewWell-designed transportation projects demonstrate the potential to shape a community in ways that go far beyond the project's original purposes. Anecdotal evidence and advocacy exist on behalf of the benefits of well-designed transportation projects on communities. Yet there is little organized quantifiable or qualitative data. Nor is there a comprehensive guide for communities to maximize or integrate the diverse benefits that well-designed transportation projects can bring. Recognizing this lack of data about the role of design in transportation, Congress authorized a study in the 2005 Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient, Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU). Moving Communities Forward: How Well Designed Transportation Projects Make Great Places seeks to achieve two goals: (1) beginning to measure how well-designed transportation projects can bring multiple enhancements to communities in terms of economic development, health and the environment, visual identity and design, public participation and public safety; and (2) providing communities, designers, transportation officials and policymakers a set of principles and practices to adapt to their unique situations and needs. The Moving Communities Forward research team employed a case study-based approach, analyzing nearly 30 transportation projects that represent a broad spectrum of regions, demographics and project types. Although a specific design feature or process works in one kind of transportation project, in one kind of community, it will not necessarily succeed somewhere else. But the broad principles and practices that designers employ can be repeated, in modified forms, across a wide array of transportation-related projects. The research team identified key principles and practices that designers and others can use - in the context of their unique situation and environment - to realize multiple enhancements to their communities.Item If you build it, they will change: Evaluating the impact of commuter rail stations on real estate values and neighborhood composition in the Rotterdam–The Hague metropolitan area, the Netherlands(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2021) Forouhar, Amir; van Lierop, DeaIn many metropolitan regions, transit-oriented developments are built to motivate the use of sustainable travel by promoting urban growth within walking distances of public transport stations. Changes in residential property values are a common way to assess the success of transit-oriented developments. However, studies that focus on property values alone have reported mixed effects. This paper attempts to evaluate the land value impact around commuter rail stations by analyzing the change in property values within the context of the transformation of socio-spatial neighborhood attributes. The study sets out to estimate the effect of Randstad Rail stations using real estate transaction data of residential properties and neighborhood socio-spatial attributes in the Rotterdam–the Hague metropolitan area of the Netherlands covering a period from 1985 to 2018. Adopting a quasi-experimental design, the effect is estimated for properties within different catchment zones around three commuter rail stations using a Difference-in-Differences Model and Multivariate Analysis of Variance. The results demonstrate the overall negative effect of the Randstad Rail on the value of residential properties at a distance equal to or less than 400 meters from the selected rail stations in the range of -18.8% to -11.5%. In contrast, a positive effect is observed for the residential properties located within a radius of 400 to 800 meters from the rail stations, which is estimated to be +15% to +33.2%. The findings also indicate a considerable socio-spatial transformation in the neighborhood composition after the opening of the rail stations in terms of neighborhood population density, land-use density, housing characteristics, and car ownership, which significantly affect the magnitude and direction of the impact.Item The influence of transport infrastructures on land-use conversion decisions within municipal plans(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2014) Padeiro, MiguelTransit-oriented development (TOD) is one of the most popular means of public intervention in the field of spatial planning, which aims at reducing land consumption caused by urban sprawl. In this paper, a logit model is computed to assess whether the Municipal Master Plans approved during the 1990s in the Lisbon region (Portugal), currently in force, contemplated public transit stations as a relevant requirement for the location of the planned urban expansion areas and, more specifically, for the conversion of non-urban areas to artificialized areas. It is shown that TOD was not taken as a preferential approach, suggesting that there may be at the outset an inherent resistance to public injunctions on limiting land-use conversion, regardless of other obstacles frequently mentioned.Item Measuring transit-oriented development (TOD) network complementarity based on TOD node typology(2018) Huang, Runjie; Grigolon, Anna; Madureira, Mafalda; Brussel, MarkRecent research on the assessment of transit-oriented development (TOD) has focused on individual transit nodes. However, we argue that having such a TOD level value is not sufficient to understand the role each transit node plays within a TOD network. In other words, a transit node may have a low performance when evaluating its individual TOD level, but it may serve an important role within the TOD network, for example, as a feeder node. In this paper, a TOD typology was developed based on built-form indicators to identify the roles different types of nodes play within the transit network and to discuss complementarity effects between TOD nodes within the TOD network. The study area is the Arnhem-Nijmegen city region in the Netherlands, which has a TOD network of 22 train stations. Results identified three types of roles: suburban residential, characterized by low population and job densities; urban residential, marked by low destination accessibility and low diversity of land-uses; and urban mixed core, which featured higher densities of jobs, population, and diversity of land uses. Based on the TOD typology, a correspondence analysis was conducted to measure the potential complementarity effect of the TOD network system, i.e., the extent to which nodes in different typologies can complement each other to strengthen the characteristics of the TOD as a network. The results illustrated that differentiation among the TOD nodes in terms of residential housing prices and building uses contributed to a more diversified offer in terms of activities and functions of the TOD region and indicates complementarity between stations. Thus, TOD should be assessed and planned in a network system perspective, with the understanding that the nodes are pieces that contribute to the performance of the network.Item Open for business? Effects of Los Angeles Metro Rail construction on adjacent businesses(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2017) Ray, RosalieRecent court cases and news reports have focused on the effects of transit construction on business revenue and survival, yet the topic is underexplored in the scholarly literature. This paper examines whether transit construction negatively affected the revenue and survival of businesses along the second segment of the Los Angeles Metro Rail Red Line under Vermont and Hollywood Boulevards. Using National Establishment Time-Series business data, the research shows that business survival was significantly lower among businesses within 400 meters of stations, where cut and cover construction was used. A difference-in-differences technique was employed to determine whether revenue loss was the main mechanism by which businesses were displaced, but revenue loss was not found to be significant. The increased failure rate provides evidence that construction effects of mitigation programs for businesses should be standard practice when building new transit lines. Further research and data collection on business tenure are needed to understand the dynamics of business displacement around transit and to make such programs more effective.Item Rail integrated communities in Tokyo(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2012) Calimente, JohnTokyo’s railway station areas are models of transit-oriented design. To differentiate them from transit-oriented developments (TOD), the term rail integrated community (RIC) has been created to describe these high density, safe, mixed-use, pedestrian-friendly developments around railway stations that act as community hubs, are served by frequent, all-day, rail rapid transit, and are accessed primarily on foot, by bicycle, or by public transit. Japanese private railway operators have been instrumental in creating these RICs. Though they receive little financial support from the government, private railways in Japan operate profitably by diversifying into real estate, retail, and numerous other businesses. Tokyu Corporation is used as the case study to exemplify how government policy and socioeconomic context contributed to the successful private railway model. Ten indicators, such as ridership, population density, and mode share are used to analyze two stations created by Tokyu to demonstrate how this model is manifested in Tokyu’s rail integrated communities.Item Rationale for Funding a Feasibility Study for an Automated Rapid Transit Application in the Twin Cities(Minnesota Department of Transportation Research Services Section, 2011-09) Robinson, Ferrol O.This report discusses the potential benefits and perceived impediments to implementing an automated rapid transit (ART) system in the Twin Cities and Minnesota. The report also briefly reviews the status of ART applications, also referred to as personal rapid transit (PRT), in the United States and abroad. Finally, the report evaluates the potential ability of ART to promote the policy goal of creating efficient development, livable communities, and work opportunities through a variety of relevant strategies. The report concludes that an ART feasibility study is needed to provide more definitive answers to issues and questions raised about ART, and it provides the rationale for funding such a study, as well as an outline of the elements of the feasibility analysis.Item Re-examination of the standards for transit oriented development influence zones in India(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2019) Ann, Sangeetha; Jiang, Meilan; Yamamoto, ToshiyukiTransit oriented development (TOD) is a land-use and transport integrated urban planning strategy that is highly acclaimed for promoting sustainable city development. This review aims to identify the problems regarding adoption of TOD standards or guidelines formulated by developed countries in developing countries, such as India, and the necessity of conducting adaptability studies on TOD influence areas. The existing studies show that the size of the influence area varies among different cities and travel modes. Accordingly, no single size influence zone is suitable for all cases. This review highlights the necessity of carefully considering the spatial extent of influence areas and modes other than walking as access or egress modes in the Indian context. Moreover, this review aims to provide insight on how to plan TOD in the context of developing countries, because the mobility patterns in these countries differ considerably from those in the developed world.Item Seven American TODs: Good Practices for Urban Design in Transit-Oriented Development Projects(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2008) Jacobson, Justin; Forsyth, AnnIn the past few decades, Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) has emerged as a popular and influential planning concept in the United States. Physical design is an important aspect of making TOD projects work as it is a crucial means of coordinating relatively intensive land uses and multiple transportation modes. This paper analyzes seven American TOD projects in terms of urban design and concludes with a discussion of “good practices” for future TOD projects focusing on development processes, place-making, and facilities. This paper supplements prior scholarship on TOD that has tended to focus on policy issues such as regulation and financing.Item Suburbanization, land use of TOD and lifestyle mobility in the suburbs: An examination of passengers’ choice to live, shop and entertain in the metro station areas of Beijing(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2018) Pengjun, Zhao; Shengxiao, LiIn the process of suburbanization of large growing cities, transit passengers have an undeniable role to play in terms of local traffic, car use, and petrol consumption. It is widely believed that transit-oriented development (metro station) could encourage people to live and consume near transit station areas through walking and cycling rather than travelling by car. However, opinions on this are still mixed. In addition, the existing literature is dominated by analyses of residents, while analyses of passengers remain scarce. This paper fills this gap by looking at metro station areas in Beijing. Using survey data, the study found mixed land use attracts passengers to shop more within metro station areas than in other places. More non-residential land developments attract more patrons to dine and access entertainment within metro station areas. Surprisingly, land use in the metro station areas was unrelated to passengers’ choice to live within metro station areas, while housing prices and income had significant effects. Personal preferences for travel mode have an effect, and those who dislike travel tend to shop and seek entertainment locally. This study suggests that land-use planning in metro station areas could be helpful in shaping more sustainable mobility in the process of suburbanization of China’s growing cities.Item Taking advantage of a historic opportunity? A critical review of the literature on TOD in China(Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2017) Doulet, Jean-François; Delpirou, Aurélien; Delaunay, TeddySince the term was coined in the United States in the early 1990s, the concept of transit-oriented development (TOD) has enjoyed worldwide success. For emerging countries that are both experiencing fast urban growth and involved in the development of mass transit transportation networks, innovative planning practices are needed. Researchers have identified the recent development of subway networks in Chinese cities as an opportunity to implement TOD principles. Based on an extensive literature review, including Chinese sources, this paper aims to identify the way in which the concept of TOD has led to the emergence of a challenging research field dedicated to the integration of urban and transportation planning in China. Results from grounded studies have failed to prove that Chinese cities are "real" TOD cities in the formal sense; however, they are useful for identifying the key factors behind the lack of integration between transportation and urban development that are likely to influence planning, design, and research practice in China in the future.