Browsing by Subject "Runoff"

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Adaptive Management to Improve De-Icing Operations
(Minnesota Department of Transportation, 2021-03) Baker, Lawrence A.; Wilson, Bruce; Klimbal, Doug; Furuta, Dan; Friese, Melissa; Bierman, Jacob
Road de-icing is a major cause of chloride impairment in Minnesota's urban waters. The goal of our study was to develop an adaptive management (AM) strategy to reduce chloride impacts caused by de-icing operations. The AM process was informed by our analysis of chloride movement in a residential watershed, providing feedback to the street department of our collaborator, the City of Edina. A key finding was that most the chloride movement occurred during a small number of events, with half of annual chloride movement occurring in less than 50 hours during each of the two years of study. This observation means that targeting these events might be a more effective way to reduce chloride impacts than more generalized approaches. We also found that a significant amount of chloride added to streets during de-icing accumulated in roadside snow piles, likely contributing to groundwater contamination. To address this concern, we developed a spreadsheet tool to estimate steady-state (long-term) chloride concentrations in groundwater. Scenario analyses indicated that groundwater chloride levels in highly urbanized watersheds would eventually exceed water quality standards. We developed a second model, intended for use by urban planners, to estimate the impact of changing the percentage of salted impervious surface on chloride movement in re-developed watersheds.
Assessment and Recommendations for the Operation of Standard Sumps as Best Management Practices for Stormwater Treatment (Volume 2)
(Minnesota Department of Transportation, 2012-05) McIntire, Kurtis D.; Howard, Adam; Mohseni, Omid; Gulliver, John S.
In order to improve the performance of standard sumps as a best management practice (BMP) in treating stormwater runoff, a baffle was designed to be installed as a retrofit in standard sumps. The retrofit is a porous baffle called “SAFL Baffle”. The effect of the SAFL Baffle on the performance of standard sumps was assessed by conducting laboratory tests on small scale as well as full scale straight flow-through standard sumps equipped with the baffle. In addition, a number of tests were conducted to determine the performance of standard sumps with the SAFL Baffle when the baffle is clogged with debris like trash and vegetation. Furthermore, the performance of two other configurations of the baffle was studied: (1) the SAFL Baffle in a sump with an outlet pipe 90 degrees to the inlet pipe, and (2) the SAFL Baffle in a sump with some water entering the sump through an overhead inlet grate. Standard sumps equipped with the SAFL Baffle were evaluated using two metrics: (1) How well the system captures sediment during low flow conditions (Removal Efficiency Testing), and (2) how well the system retains the previously captured sediment during high flow conditions (Washout Testing). The results of the tests showed that the SAFL Baffle dissipates the energy of water entering the sump and as a result, at low flow rates, it captures sediment better than a standard sump with no baffle. More importantly, at high flow rates, the washout of the previously captured sediment reduces to near zero.
Climate Change Adaptation of Urban Stormwater Infrastructure
(Minnesota Department of Transportation, 2023-06) Erickson, Andrew J.; Herb, William R.; Gallagher, Noah D.; Weiss, Peter T.; Wilson, Bruce N.; Gulliver, John S.
The final analysis of historical (TP-40), current (Atlas 14), and future predicted storm events for three watersheds in Minnesota (Duluth, Minneapolis, Rochester) has shown that current design philosophy is not sufficient to prevent flooding from 10-year and larger design storm events and that flood depth and duration will increase given current climate projections. Several stormwater infrastructure adaptation strategies were assessed for reducing flood depth and duration: Baseline (existing conditions), adding rain gardens (aka, Infiltration Basins), adding new wet ponds, retrofitting existing stormwater ponds to be ?Smart Ponds, adding new Smart Ponds while also converting existing ponds into Smart Ponds, or upsizing of stormwater pipes to convey more water. In watersheds that are mixed urban, suburban, and rural like Rochester?s Kings Run or Duluth?s Miller Creek sub-watersheds, the most cost-effective climate change adaptation strategy was to build new stormwater wet ponds (Extra Ponds strategy) to treat the impervious surfaces not currently treated by existing wet ponds and other stormwater BMPs. In the fully developed urban 1NE watershed in Minneapolis, the most cost-effective (excluding land costs) climate change adaptation strategy was building wet ponds (Extra Ponds). Securing property for building new stormwater infrastructure in fully developed urban watersheds like 1NE may be a substantial cost compared to other watersheds. Smart Ponds do not require additional land for implementation and thus represent a relatively low-cost alternative that will be more beneficial in watersheds with numerous existing wet ponds.
Comparing Properties of Water Absorbing/Filtering Media for Bioslope/Bioswale Design
(Minnesota Department of Transportation, 2017-11) Johnson, Kurt; Cai, Meijun; Patelke, Marsha; Saftner, David; Swanson, Josh
Drainage from highways, particularly the first flush of runoff, contains high levels of contaminants such as suspended solids, metals, and organics. To restrict the discharge of polluted stormwater, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) State Disposal System (SDS) General Permit issued by Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) in 2013 requires that the first inch of stormwater runoff from new impervious should be held on site through infiltration, harvesting or reuse. Multiple types of infiltration materials have been studied in the laboratory and the field, but few studies have considered the application of local materials for best management practices (BMP). The objective of this project is to determine the characteristics of various naturally occurring water adsorbing and filtering media, such as peat and muck, found along road construction projects in northern Minnesota. Salvage and reuse of these materials during road construction will be evaluated for stormwater treatment, including absorption, infiltration, filtration, and pollutant capture, in constructed vegetated slopes along highway right of ways. The naturally occurring material will be compared to leaf and grass feedstock compost.
Continued Monitoring of Stormwater Effluents from Filter Media in Two Bioslope Sites
(Minnesota Department of Transportation, 2021-06) Cai, Meijun; Patelke, Marsha; Saftner, David
Over the last thirty years, the Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT) has implemented biofilters along roadways as a stormwater control measure. The state and national regulations require that the biofilters must be able to infiltrate and treat the first inch of rainfall onsite. However, the performance of the biofilters after installation has rarely been studied. An early phase of this project monitored two newly constructed biofilter sites for two years and for three months, respectively. This study extended the monitoring of soil moisture changes and infiltration water quality for another two years (2019-2020). Over the four-year monitoring period, both salvage peat and compost materials showed the capacity to retain the first inch of runoff, and this retention capacity did not change over the study period. The drainage water quality showed significantly temporal trends, particularly phosphorus concentrations, which were declining significantly for both compost and salvage peat. The application of tailing with compost can reduce the phosphorus release. The leachate from salvage peat has similar metal concentrations but much lower phosphorus concentrations (below 100 ppb) than the compost. The lowest chemical concentrations were achieved when the soil mixture contained 10% compost and 10% salvage peat, implying the best stormwater control practice is to limit the organic ratio to around 20%. Findings from this work determined the validity of using peat and compost for future biofilters and can aid in future design.
Continuous synthesis of runoff from the Kawishiwi river watershed in northeastern Minnesota
(1983-08) Toso, Joel W.; Bowers, C. Edward
The study reported herein was performed for the Water Resources Research Center, University of Minnesota. Initial funding was, provided by the office of Water Research and' Technology, Department of the Interior. Final funding was by the Bureau of Reclamation, Department of the Interior. Matching funds were provided by the University of Minnesota In the form of overhead, partial salary of the Principal Investigator and partial computer costs. The support of both the Federal and State organizations is sincerely appreciated.
Design and Construction of Infiltration Facilities
(Minnesota Department of Transportation, 2021-06) Tecca, Nicholas P.; Gulliver, John S.; Nieber, John L.; Weiss, Peter T.
Infiltration stormwater control measures are an important structural practice to mitigate the impacts of urbanization on stormwater quality and quantity. Infiltration stormwater control measures help to mimic the natural processes of infiltration and evapotranspiration. Unfortunately, the failure rate of infiltration stormwater control measures has been observed to be between 10% and 50%. Two common causes of failure are addressed in this work, namely improper siting and improper characterization of saturated hydraulic conductivity. A procedure to calculate a preliminary infiltration rating (PIR) was developed in a geographic information system to identify areas where infiltration stormwater control measures are likely to be successful. The Modified Philip-Dunne infiltrometer, double ring infiltrometer, Turf-Tec IN2-W infiltrometer, and soil texture analysis were used to estimate infiltration capacity in three swales in the Twin Cities Metropolitan area. A correction factor was proposed for the Turf-Tec IN2-W infiltrometer. A protocol for assessing infiltration capacity was also proposed.
Determination of Effective Impervious Area in Urban Watersheds
(Center for Transportation Studies, University of Minnesota, 2015-07) Ebrahimian, Ali; Gulliver, John S.; Wilson, Bruce N.
Impervious surfaces have been identified as an indicator of the impacts of urbanization on water resources. The design of stormwater control measures is often performed using the total impervious area (TIA) in a watershed. Recent studies have shown that a better parameter for these designs is the “effective” impervious area (EIA), or the portion of total impervious area that is hydraulically connected to the storm sewer system. Methods to improve estimates of EIA are not highly researched, and need further investigation. The overall goal of this project is to develop a method to estimate EIA in urban watersheds with data that is readily available. First, the existing rainfall-runoff method was improved by reducing the uncertainty associated with EIA estimates and applying it to 40 gauged urban watersheds with different sizes and hydrologic conditions, mostly in the Twin Cities metro area of MN and Austin, TX. The results are then utilized to develop a new method based on the integration of GIS and Curve Number (CN). The GIS-CN method is applicable to un-gauged watersheds and is able to estimate EIA fraction based on TIA and hydrologic soil group (HSG). The results are used to evaluate the potential and the limitations of the GIS-CN method. The outcome and applications of this study improves the rainfall-runoff modelling in urban watersheds and will eventually lead to the design of a more sustainable urban stormwater infrastructure.
Determination of Effective Impervious Area in Urban Watersheds
(2015-08) Ebrahimian, Ali
Impervious surfaces have been identified as an indicator of the impacts of urbanization on water resources. The design of stormwater control measures is often performed using the total impervious area (TIA) in a watershed. Recent studies have shown that a better parameter for these designs is the " effective"� impervious area (EIA), or the portion of total impervious area that is hydraulically connected to the storm sewer system. Methods to improve estimates of EIA are not highly researched, and need further investigation. The overall goal of this project is to develop a method to estimate EIA in urban watersheds with data that is readily available. First, the existing rainfall-runoff method was improved by reducing the uncertainty associated with EIA estimates and applying it to 40 gauged urban watersheds with different sizes and hydrologic conditions, mostly in the Twin Cities metro area of MN and Austin, TX. The results are then utilized to develop a new method based on the integration of GIS and Curve Number (CN). The GIS-CN method is applicable to ungauged watersheds and is able to estimate EIA fraction based on TIA and hydrologic soil group (HSG). The results are used to evaluate the potential and the limitations of the GIS-CN method. The outcome and applications of this study improves the rainfall-runoff modelling in urban watersheds and will eventually lead to the design of a more sustainable urban stormwater infrastructure.
Development and Regionalization of In Situ Bioslopes and Bioswales
(Minnesota Department of Transportation, 2019-07) Johnson, Kurt W.; Cai, Meijun; Patelke, Marsha; Saftner, David; Cruz, Chanelle
This project is a multi-disciplinary investigation into the use of alternative media for biofiltration systems in Minnesota. Over the last thirty years, the Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT) has implemented biofilters along roadways as a stormwater control measure. These systems must be able to infiltrate and treat the first inch of rainfall onsite to meet state and national regulations. The performance of a biofilter is largely based on its media?s ability to infiltrate water, sustain vegetation, and capture pollutants. To date, MnDOT has relied on sand and compost mixtures for biofilter media components. An early phase of this work identified peat as having similar performance characteristics as compost, making it an ideal alternative. A laboratory testing program was also developed during the early phase of work to determine media properties that could be used to predict biofilter performance. This project focused on characterizing existing biofilters using in situ testing and comparing results to laboratory testing. The comparison of the two methods demonstrated the predictive capabilities of the laboratory regime. This project also included the instrumentation and monitoring of field sites including a newly constructed peat amended biofilter. Findings from this work determined the validity of using peat for future biofilters and can aid in identifying and characterizing other alternative media.
Development of Techniques to Quantify Effective Impervious Cover
(Center for Transportation Studies, University of Minnesota, 2011-09) Janke, Ben; Gulliver, John S.; Wilson, Bruce N.
Practitioners responsible for the design and implementation of stormwater management practices rely heavily on estimates of impervious area in a watershed. However, the most important parameter in determining actual urban runoff is the "effective" impervious area (EIA), or the portion of total impervious area that is directly connected to the storm sewer system. EIA, which is often considerably less than total impervious area and can vary with rainfall depth and intensity, is likely not determined with sufficient accuracy in current practice. A more accurate determination of EIA in a watershed would benefit a wide range of organizations involved in the design of stormwater management, pollution prevention, and transportation structures. This study investigated two existing methods of estimating EIA in a watershed: (1) analysis of large rainfall-runoff data sets using the method of Boyd et al. (1994), and (2) overlay analysis of spatial (GIS) data, including land cover, elevation, and stormwater infrastructure, using the method of Han and Burian (2009). The latter method provides an estimate of connected pavement, but requires the user to input the value of connected rooftop to determine the actual EIA value, which is the sum of these two quantities. The two methods were applied to two urban catchments within the Capitol Region Watershed in St. Paul, MN. The results were used to evaluate the potential of each method and make recommendations for future studies. In summary, the data analysis technique (Boyd et al., 1994) has the advantage of being quick and relatively simple to implement, as it did not require familiarity with specialized software tools (e.g. ArcGIS) and could be completed with any spreadsheet program with graphing capabilities (e.g. Excel). The EIA estimates from the data analysis are the most accurate, but the technique is unable to determine where in the watershed the EIA is located, and cannot be used if runoff discharge and local precipitation data is unavailable. By contrast, the GIS method (Han and Burian, 2009) has the advantage of being applicable to un-gauged watersheds, and also provides the location of EIA in the watershed. This latter feature makes it particularly attractive for honing the development and placement of BMP?s in a watershed. Unfortunately, the accuracy of the GIS method is completely dependent on the ability to faithfully represent the amount of roof connection in a watershed, a process that can add significant time and expense to the EIA estimate.
Evaluation of snowmelt for implementation into the Minnesota Feedlot Annualized Runoff Model
(2013-10) Remer, Allison Salome
The Minnesota Feedlot Annualized Runoff Model (MinnFARM) was designed by University of Minnesota, the University of Minnesota Extension Office and the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) to evaluate pollution potential to waters of the state created by surface runoff leaving an animal feedlot. State and Federal Agencies use MinnFarm results to determine compliance and rank feedlots on a standardized scale. The goal of this study is to improve the snowmelt portion of the MinnFARM model utilizing obtainable data to account for regional variations that exist throughout the Minnesota. Refinement of the snowmelt portion of the MinnFARM model is required to increase the accuracy of the seasonal aspect of the potential nutrient load leaving a livestock open lot. Observed daily snowmelt depths were computed from the daily difference in snow-water-equivalent data provided by the National Weather Service for Marshall, St. Cloud and Rushford, MN. Corresponding climate data sets were obtained for these three sites. The reliability of the observed snowmelt depths was evaluated by examining the consistency in observed depths for large events measured at Marshall. The accuracy of the Degree-Day method, Restricted-Degree-Day method, Statistical Energy-Balance Approach and Process Based Energy-Balance Approach were compared in this study. The Restricted-Degree-Day method had the strongest correlation when compared the observed snowmelt data set.
Iron-Enhanced Swale Ditch Checks for Phosphorus Retention
(Minnesota Department of Transportation, 2019-07) Natarajan, Poornima; Gulliver, John S; Weiss, Peter T
Iron-enhanced ditch checks in roadside swales were developed specifically for capturing dissolved phosphorus and dissolved metals from roadway runoff in both urban and agricultural environments. One iron-enhanced ditch check constructed along CR 15 (formerly TH 5) in Stillwater, Minnesota, was monitored during 40 storm events from 2016 to 2018. The iron-enhanced sand filter insert generally captured phosphate, yielding lower phosphate concentrations and mass load reductions that varied between 22% and 50% during several events. However, the cumulative phosphate retention in the filter insert decreased from 42% in 2015 to 30% in 2016, 25% in 2017, and 23% in 2018. The filter insert was not an effective retention device for dissolved copper and zinc. The overall ditch check’s performance, although unexceptional in 2016 and 2017, appeared to improve in 2018. Sampling issues likely contributed to the low performance measured until 2017. The 2018 water sample collection method provided a better estimate of the ditch check’s performance and roughly matched that of the filter insert. Synthetic runoff testing supported the level of treatment achieved during storm events. Phosphate load from the degrading topsoil and the overutilization of the bottom filter media most likely affected overall treatment performance. Design improvements and recommended maintenance actions were developed based on the lessons learned from field monitoring. The iron-enhanced ditch check can improve net phosphate retention through roadside swales, as long as the recommended maintenance actions are performed as scheduled.
Pollutant Removal and Maintenance Assessment of Underground Sand Filters
(2021) Shoemaker, Todd; Stone, Ali; Zhang, Lu; Fesenmaier, Mark; Stantec; Water Resources Center
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the stormwater management effectiveness of installed underground sand filters in the Twin Cities Metro Area. The Minnesota Stormwater Manual includes guidance for the design and pollutant removal efficiency of surface and one type of underground sand filters. The most popular variety of underground sand filter, however, does not offer clear access to the sand media layer and is not included in the Minnesota Stormwater Manual. Maintenance is extremely limited by this design, which calls into question whether they can actually achieve the same removal efficiency as their aboveground couterparts, and whether those efficiencies degrade over time. There is limited data regarding performance of in-situ underground sand filters to assist in this evaluation. Some underground systems in the Metro have been installed for a decade, but their long-term performance has not been evaluated. Award of this grant would provide funding to investigate underground filtration performance. Study results will inform maintenance needs, judge longevity of these systems, provide design recommendations to design engineers, or if found to be an inadequate stormwater BMP, offer regulatory recommendations to watershed managers. Are there other PIs working with you?
Porous Asphalt Reduces Storm Water Runoff
(Transportation Engineering and Road Research Alliance (TERRA), 2013-01) Transportation Engineering and Road Research Alliance (TERRA)
This 2-page fact sheet provides information about porous asphalt pavement, its benefits, and implementation considerations.
Re-use of Regional Waste in Sustainably Designed Soils
(Minnesota Department of Transportation, 2022-04) Saftner, David; Cai, Meijun; Whitcomb, Adam
This project explores the potential re-use of waste materials/by-products as a soil amendment in northeastern Minnesota. The project team identified 23 waste/by-products and collected 15 of but only analyzed 11 because of the possible content of persistent chemicals in some of the materials or the unwillingness of the owner to participate. Peat screenings, peat scrapings, tree bark, harbor dredge sediment, coarse and fine taconite tailings, and street sweepings were characterized in physical, chemical, and biological properties through lab tests. The results showed that none of the studied materials were defined as hazardous based on RCRA (Resource Recovery and Conservation Act) metal levels and contained minimal or undetectable Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) or Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). Peat by-products were efficient in removing metals from stormwater runoff. The relatively high phosphorus content of peat by-products provided sufficient nutrients to plant growth but could be released when mixed with low-phosphorus runoff. Dredge sediment and street sweeping had low organic contents but could remove 90% or more of the copper from the runoff. Tailings could remove 50% or less of the metals. Radish or oat can successfully grow in 28 days with individual materials or a blend of materials, except for fine tailings, which are in a clay form and thus don't filter water well.
Stormwater BMP Inspection and Maintenance Resource Guide
(Minnesota Department of Transportation, 2024-06) Erickson, Andrew J.; Gulliver, John S.; Weiss, Peter T.
Stormwater treatment practices, often referred to as stormwater best management practices (BMPs), require a substantial commitment to maintenance, including regular inspections and assessments. Existing regulations require governmental units to develop a systematic approach for ongoing inspection and maintenance to ensure that they are achieving their desired treatment goals. A lack of maintenance will lead to a decrease in BMP performance and will often result in expensive rehabilitation or rebuild. In 2009, SRF Consulting produced a maintenance guide for the Local Road Research Board (LRRB) (Marti, et al. 2009). In 2023, the LRRB commissioned the University of Minnesota St. Anthony Falls Laboratory to update this guide to reflect new best practices. The Stormwater BMP Inspection and Maintenance Resource Guide (the Guide) is a supplement to the Minnesota Stormwater Manual (MPCA 2023) and will help the reader plan for recommended long-term maintenance activities through guidance on visual inspection, testing, and monitoring methods for identifying what maintenance is needed, and when it is needed. The Guide describes inspection and maintenance for constructed stormwater ponds (both dry and wet) and wetlands, underground sedimentation practices, infiltration practices, filtration practices, bioretention practices, permeable pavements, and stormwater harvesting. In addition, the Guide includes a section on Meeting Stormwater Management Objectives, which provides information on achieving reductions for sediment, phosphorus, nitrogen, metals, chloride, pathogens, and organic chemicals. The Guide also includes Field Inspections Resources, which contains inspection checklists and maintenance activity recommendations for all of the practices listed above.
Study of De-icing Salt Accumulation and Transport Through a Watershed
(Minnesota Department of Transportation, 2017-12) Herb, William; Janke, Ben; Stefan, Heinz
The accumulation of chloride in surface waters and groundwater from road deicing and other sources is a growing problem in northern cities of the U.S., including the Minneapolis-St. Paul metro area. To inform mitigation efforts, the transport of chloride in surface waters of a metro-area watershed (Lake McCarrons) was studied in this project to characterize chloride transport by surface runoff, the residence time of chloride in surface water, and how variations in weather influence chloride transport and accumulation processes. Monitoring work over three winters showed that the residence time of chloride in small, sewered watersheds varied from 14 to 26 days, depending on winter weather conditions, with 37 to 63% of chloride applied as de-icers exported in snowmelt and rainfall surface runoff. In contrast, a monitored highway ditch exported less than 5% of chloride applied to the adjacent road. Stormwater detention ponds were found to act as temporary storage for chloride, with persistent layers of high chloride content at the bottom. Chloride monitoring data and runoff simulations were used to explore the possibility of snowmelt capture as a chloride pollution mitigation strategy. We found that capturing snowmelt runoff close to source areas (roads and parking lots) yields the highest chloride concentrations and removal potential.
Study of Environmental Effects of De-Icing Salt on Water Quality in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area, Minnesota
(Minnesota Department of Transportation, 2008-09) Stefan, Heinz; Novotny, Eric; Sander, Andrew; Mohseni, Omid
A study was conducted to generate knowledge on the environmental effects of de-icing salt, particularly sodium chloride (NaCl), on water quality in Minnesota, especially the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area (TCMA). The Mississippi River receives substantial sodium chloride inputs from the Minnesota River and waste water treatment plants as it passes through the TCMA. In addition, road salt applications in the TCMA use about 350,000 short tons of NaCl every year. A chloride budget at the scale of the TCMA and on individual sub-watersheds in the TCMA indicates that about 70% of the road salt applied in the TCMA is not carried away by the Mississippi River. Rates of seasonal road salt use are correlated with snowfall, road miles and population. Salinity in TCMA lakes increases in winter and decreases in summer. Ionic composition of dissolved substances in lakes of the TCMA suggests unnaturally high sodium and chloride concentrations compared to lakes and other water bodies in the Midwestern U.S. Data indicate a rising trend in urban lake water salinity over the last 30 years. Shallow groundwater in the TCMA, especially near major roadways, has started to show increasing chloride concentrations. Salinity trends in lakes and shallow aquifers of the TCMA are of concern.
Wet Pond Maintenance for Phosphorus Retention
(Minnesota Department of Transportation, 2022-06) Taguchi, Vinicius J.; Janke, Benjamin D.; Herb, William R.; Gulliver, John S.; Finlay, Jacques C.; Natarajan, Poornima
This report considers the outcomes of the pond maintenance strategies of sediment treatment to reduce internal loading of phosphorus, mechanical aeration, alteration of pond outlet to pull water off the bottom, reduction of wind sheltering, dredging, outlet treatment by iron enhanced sand filtration and reduction of phosphorus loading from the watershed. The strategies were analyzed with the model CE-QUAL-2E, where inputs to the model were initial conditions, morphology, inflow rate and total phosphorus and soluble reactive phosphorus concentrations, sediment oxygen demand, sediment release of phosphate, and meteorological conditions. The model as applied in this research simulates stratification, wind mixing, outflow and vertical profiles of temperature, dissolved oxygen, chloride, soluble reactive phosphorus, and total phosphorus. The model is calibrated on data from Alameda pond, verified on data from the Shoreview Commons pond, and applied to maintenance and remediation strategies for the Alameda, Shoreview Commons, Langton, and Minnetonka 849W ponds. Costs of maintenance or remediation strategies are estimated and the cost per reduction in total phosphorus release is calculated.

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