Browsing by Subject "Mumbai"

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    Heterogeneous links between urban form and mobility: A comparison of São Paulo, Istanbul and Mumbai
    (Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2018) Kandt, Jens
    This paper presents determinants of travel demand in three important cities in emerging economies: São Paulo, Istanbul and Mumbai. By comparison, similarities and differences of travel demand among the cities are identified and discussed with regard to their geographical, institutional and spatio-physical conditions. Special attention is paid to the hitherto understudied impact of the built environment on travel in emerging economy cities. Drawing on identical household surveys carried out in each city, the study reveals that gender, social status, car ownership and geographical location are consistently associated with mode choice. Yet, the relative importance of those characteristics differs in each city in line with their distinct socio-cultural realities. Trip duration appears to be more affected by built-environment characteristics, once mode choice is taken into account. But, again, potential influences of the built environment operate in different ways in São Paulo, Istanbul and Mumbai. In particular, there appears to be a closer relationship between transport and land-use in Mumbai. The variation-finding, comparative design reveals plural associations of life situation, the built environment and travel, and thus evinces specific interactions that require contextual policy attention to achieve sustainable and inclusive urban mobility.
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    Single Ethnicity Study Of High Blood Pressure And Local Neighborhood Environments In Parsi Population In Mumbai
    (2019-05) SEHGAL, HITAKSHI
    ABSTRACT The environment is dynamic and a changeable interface affecting health and disease susceptibility in populations. Environmental factors are of significance in public health because they are modifiable and preventable causes of diseases. Contemporary studies look at the comprehensive impact of the environment on health and recognize that Global Environmental Changes have a potentially larger influence human health and development. Local neighborhoods form a significant component of the general external exposome. Although we live in a globalized world, local neighborhoods, with their natural and built resources, remain influential on human health. The local neighborhood encompasses critical influences on lifestyle by affecting safety, access, physical or social activities, and belonging. High blood pressure is a common complex disease and a metabolic risk factor for morbidity and mortality among adults globally. Common complex diseases affect a large number of the global population, are chronic, can be inherited, are polygenic and involve environmental factors affecting lifestyle. High blood pressure is the single most significant risk factor for cardiovascular mortality. Apart from genetic factors, ageing and physiological effects of gender, the environment is the largest determinant of factors affecting blood pressure. A combination or single effect of a small number of the many environmental risk factors affect high blood pressure. Low- and middle- income countries (LMICs) bear a larger burden of the disease. The relation between local neighborhoods environments and high blood pressure in LMICs have not been studied. This study was directed toward exploring the impact of local neighborhoods in India, a middle-income country (MIC), on susceptibility to high blood pressure. The study was conducted in the Parsi population in Mumbai. Parsis are a founder population and the genetic stability in this population reduces the confounding actions of diverse genetics. 774 females and 756 males participated in the study. For all neighborhoods, the study had a gender-balanced and representative sample of the Parsi community in the age-group 19-53 years; who live in four distinct neighborhoods. Information on neighborhoods, socio-demographics known risk factors for high blood pressure were collected; height and weight of the participants were taken to calculate the body mass index (BMI); and two readings of their blood pressure were taken. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Local neighborhood environments had an impact on BMI and blood pressure.