Browsing by Subject "BTI"

Now showing 1 - 6 of 6
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Evaluation of the effects of methoprene and BTI (Bacillus thurinqiensis israelensis) on non-target organisms: A summary of Red-winged Blackbird (Aqelaius phoeniceusl and bird community studies before-and-after one year of treatment
    (University of Minnesota Duluth, 1992) Hanowski, JoAnn M; Niemi, Gerald J
    The overall objective of the bird studies is to determine if treatment of wetlands with methoprene and/or BTI directly or indirectly affect bird growth, reproduction, behavior, or populations. The Red-winged Blackbird (Aqelaius phoeniceus) was chosen for this study for several reasons. First, Red-winged Blackbirds depend on an aquatic-based food supply during the breeding season (Orians 1961, 1980) and applications of insecticides may have food-chain effects by altering aquatic insect populations. Second, Red-winged Blackbirds nest in high densities within many wetlands, allowing collection of enough samples for reasonable power in statistical analyses. Finally, results from this species may be related to possible effects on other altricial songbirds with similar life histories. Many of these species are not present in large enough numbers or are difficult to study because of secretive habits and hence, adequate samples are difficult to obtain (see Conservation Foundation 1989). In this report we summarize work completed on before- and-after (B-A) study sites in 1988, 1989, and 1990 (pre-treatment) and make comparisons with data collected in 1991 (treatment).
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Evaluation of the potential effects of methoprene and Bti (Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis) on non-target organisms: A summary of before-and-after sites in western Wright County for 1988, 1989, and 1990
    (University of Minnesota Duluth, 1992-07) Niemi, Gerald J; Axler, Richard P; Barnidge, Phyllis; Hanowski, JoAnn M; Hershey, Anne E; Regal, Ronald R; Shannon, Lyle J
    This report summarizes the results of a multi-year study initiated in 1987 to assess the effects of two mosquito control agents, methoprene and Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti). Methoprene is a juvenile growth inhibitor which suppresses metamorphosis of mosquito larvae from pupating, while Bti acts as a poison to the mosquito stomach. Each of these control agents is currently in wide use in the seven county metropolitan area. Wetlands in Wright County, MN were selected as the study area. This area is beyond the current control program of the Metropolitan Mosquito Control District (MMCD), but was selected because of the lack of any prior treatment to the study sites. Two of six possible townships in western Wright County were randomly selected for detailed study, Victor and Corinna Townships. · The experimental design established in 1987 specified ·a "before-and-after" study in which baseline information would be collected for several years prior to treatment. After three years of data collection (1988, 1989, and 1990), the SPRP and invesitigators of this study decided to initiate treatment in 1991. This report is a summary of the "before .. phases of the study prior to any treatment with mosquito control agents. The non-taget organisms selected for this study included: Red-winged Blackbird populations, the general breeding bird community, aquatic insect populations, and zooplankton populations. The study is primarily focused as a statistical sample of a randomly selected group of wetlands representative of western Wright County. As such the sampling is designed to provide "snapshots" of the respective communities over time and to detect selected changes to the communities in response to applications of mosquito control agents. Sampling of Red-winged Blackbirds consisted of measuring clutch sizes, growth rates of nestlings, fledging success, foraging behavior by adults, and population levels of adults in the wetland sites. Sampling of breeding bird, aquatic insect, and zooplankton communities consisted of gathering replicated samples from each of the wetland sites during critical growing season periods. Several additional activities also were included to better understand critical aspects of the wetlands and to verify applications of methoprene and Bti to these wetlands prior to any treatment. Detailed maps of each of the wetland sites were developed to characterize the vegetation and location of sampling stations for each of the subdisciplines. In addition, procedures were developed to independently verify methoprene and Bti application and approximate the dosage. Analysis of data from the pre-treatment phase of the study indicates that populations of birds, aquatic insects, and zooplankton are highly variable among years. For instance, a wetland with a relatively high population for birds, aquatic insects, or zooplankton one year did not necessarily have a high population the next year. Moreover, we also observed that water levels fluctuate annually greatly within and among wetlands. A wetland with a relatively high water level one year may not have a high level the next. On a regional scale rainfall may appear to be relatively uniform, but on a local scale the pattern of rainfall is ~ot uniform. Red-winged Blackbird nest failure rates have been high overall, varying from 72 to 77 % per year. High nest failure rates are likely due to high predation from both birds and mammals, flooding of nests, cold weather periods, and storms. As expeded, many measurements of Red-winged Blackbird reprodudion varied significantly among years, but few differences were observed between the two study regions. Of the 28 bird species commonly found using these wetlands, many showed significant annual variation. In particular, populations of Red-winged Blackbirds decreased from 1988 to 1990 as well as those of two other common wetland species, the Swamp Sparrow and Common . Yellowthroat. The drought years of 1987, 1988, and 1989 likely are associated with these population changes. However, populations of Yellow.:.headed Blackbirds and Marsh Wrens have decreased over the study period. A total of· 96 genera of aquatic inseds from 23 families ·and 5 orders have been sampled from the 27 wetland sites .. Populations of aquatic insects were highest. in 1988 compared with 1989 and 1990. Little data are available on aquatic insect communities of wetlands to make any comparisons; however, the drought of 1987 and 1988 is the likely cause of decreased populations of aquatic insects in 1989 and 1990. It is unclear how quickly these populations will recover from these extremely dry conditions. Zooplankton populations were less variable between years despite dear differences in rainfall, water depth, and temperature among years. However, sampling was limited in 1988 because of the extreme drought conditions when all sites could not be sampled. The first year that all sites could be sampled was in 1990. A method was developed to measure methoprene to a limit of detection of 0.4 ug/1 (ppb). In samples gathered from the 28 wetland sites, no detectable methoprene was found. Similarly, a method was developed to detect Bti in the water. However, because of the relatively low concentrations that methoprene is active and the rapid decline of Bti once applied, it is likely impractical to verify the amount of. ambient methoprene or Bti in each wetland following treatment. As an alternative, protocols were developed to capture methoprene and Bti in particle samplers on each site to verify treatment. · Using the 1988 to 1990 data, 23 variables were selected to test for differences between wetland sites assigned to methoprene treatment, Bti treatment, or to be maintained as reference sites. Sites were randomly assigned to one of the three treatment groups and the groups then treated to see whether there were significant differences (p < 0.05) in any of the variables. After 458 randomizations, a suitable combination of the sites was identified which will be used in subsequent applications of methoprene and Bti for the "after" phase of the experiment. A review of the statistical power of the experimental design based on the 1988 to 1990 "before" sampling phase indicated that reasonable differences can be detected between treatment groups and reference sites with the experimental design. If treatment with methoprene or Bti have an effect on non-target species in these wetlands then it will be reasonable to detect differences in Red-winged Blackbird reproduction, foraging, or populations; zooplankton size, egg production, or densities; or aquatic insed densities. Despite widely varying environmental conditions such as drought and the lack of consistent trends among the sites, many differences can be detected if they occur due to treatment.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Evaluation of the potential effects of methoprene and BTI (Bacillus thurinqiensis israelensis) on wetland birds and invertebrates in Wright County, MN, 1988 to 1993
    (University of Minnesota Duluth, 1995) Niemi, Gerald J; Axler, Richard P; Hanowski, JoAnn M; Hershey, Anne E; Lima, Ann R; Regal, Ronald R; Shannon, Lyle J
    This report summarizes the results of a six year study (1988 to 1993) to assess the potential effects of two mosquito control materials, methoprene (applied as Altosid sand granules) and Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti, applied as Vectobac-G granules) on zooplankton, aquatic insects, and breeding birds in the Twin Cities metropolitan area. The study was a before-and-after design with 1988 to 1990 as pre-treatment and 1991 to 1993 as treatment years. A total of 27 wetlands in western Wright County were randomly selected and randomly placed within one of three groups of sites: 9 control, 9 Bti-treated, and 9 methoprene-treated. Selected populations of zooplankton, aquatic insects, and breeding birds were sampled within each of these wetlands. Each site was also monitored to verify the applications of Bti or methoprene to the respective sites and to verify that the control sites were not treated. In 1992, the number of study sites was reduced to 26 because of the loss of one methoprene-treated site from sampling. No effects could be attributed to treatment on zooplankton or breeding birds. Aquatic insects, however, were considerably reduced following treatments in 1992 and 1993. Chironomids comprised approximately 60% of the total individuals sampled, and were greatly reduced in both methoprene and Bti sites compared to controls. We focused on this group particularly because of their abundance, but also because they are closely related to mosquitoes and known to be susceptible to both larvicides. However, our results showed that all insect groups were similarly affected by both larvicides. Both Bti and methoprene applications to these wetlands reduced aquatic insect densities by a range of 57-83% and biomass by a range of 50-83% in the second and third years of treatment. Following the effects of treatments observed in 1992, populations of aquatic insects recovered to pre-treatment levels at the start of 1993, but quickly declined again following treatment. No food chain effects of these declines, with the possible exception of increases in the density of some copepods in methoprene-treated sites, were observed in either zooplankton or in breeding birds. High nest loss rates due to predation may have been a greater limiting factor to birds than mosquito control treatment. The carrying capacity of bird populations may also be lower than that affected by food reductions, especially since alternative foods tended to be available for Red-winged Blackbirds outside of the wetland study sites. Even though this study represents one of the largest ever conducted to assess the effects of mosquito control materials on non-target organisms, a variety of questions regarding the overall effects of mosquito control treatments remain unanswered. Among the most pressing questions are the determination of the long term effects (e.g., > 5-10 yrs) of the control program and whether populations of aquatic insects can continue to recover within these treated areas.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Evaluation of the potential effects of methoprene and Bti on anuran malformations in Wright County, MN
    (University of Minnesota Duluth, 2001) Johnson, Catherine M; Johnson, Lucinda B
    An increasing number of amphibians from around the globe have been reported with deformations and malformations of the eyes, mandibles and internal organs as well as missing, abnormally shaped, abnormally pigmented, or multiple limbs. For the purposes of this document, the terms “deformation” and “malformation” are defined as in a recent USGS publication entitled, “Field Guide to the Malformations of the Frog and Toad” (Meteyer et. al. 2000a). Thus, the term deformation refers to alterations in form or structure that occur later in development, resulting from mechanical factors such as amputation. “A deformation does not involve an intrinsic defect in morphogenesis and impacts a structure that is otherwise developing normally.” The term malformation refers to “errors in any phase of morphogenesis including cell proliferation, cell migration, differentiation, programmed cell death or regression of larval structures.” This report is primarily concerned with malformations and their possible connection with the use of either methoprene or Bacillus thuringiensis var. israeliensis (Bti) in developing Rana pipiens (northern leopard frogs) in central Minnesota.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Methodologies for Statistical Characterization of Circuit Reliability in Advanced Silicon Processes
    (2012-07) Jain, Pulkit
    Rising electric fields and imperfections due to atomic level scaling create non-ideal and stochastic electrodynamics inside a transistor.These appear as reliability mechanisms such as Bias Temperature Instability (BTI), Time Dependent Dielectric Breakdown (TDDB) and Random Telegraph Noise (RTN) at transistor level, and as a convolved statistical manifestation in performance and functionality, at a circuit level. Compounded by shrinking operating margins with process variability and power constraints, these reliability issues have been propelled from device research arena to the forefront of chip design.The first part of my thesis will explore these different reliability issues in three dedicated test chips. While device level probing has been de-facto estimation method for reliability engineers due to legacy and simplicity, the approach has become cumbersome due to time and effort needed to cover the required statistics. Conversely, we demonstrate circuit based reliability monitors which are a more scalable and representative alternative. The latter also enable superior timing resolution which is critical to record phenomenon such as BTI and RTN without measurement noise. For example, leveraging on-chip methods and intelligent timing control, we demonstrate a SRAMreliability macro with BTI estimation at three order smaller measurement times than possible using conventional approaches. On-chip logic could also be used to control test on large number of blocks resulting in a large experiment time speedup which is the basis for our TDDB macro.The second part of my thesis will focus on 3D integration, a reakthrough technology for reducing interconnects delays and chip form factors. In particular, we measure the impact of chip stacking on power delivery and propose schemes to mitigate it through a statistical framework, fabricated in an actual 3D technology.Overall, the ideas here can pave the way for not only accurate empirical modeling and robust guard-banding for pre-silicon phase but also post-silicon adaptive tuning. And thus we can better reap the benefits of these new silicon technologies.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    A Revolving Reference Odometer Circuit for BTI-Induced Frequency Fluctuation Measurements under Fast DVFS Transients and Reconfigurable Feed Forward MUX PUF Design
    (2014-10) Satapathy, Saroj
    The frequency shift due to fast Bias Temperature Instability (BTI) related fast Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaled (DVFS) stress-recovery effects were measured using a high resolution revolving reference silicon odometer. It uses eight fresh/reference ring oscillators (ROSCs), which alternately take measurements three times making a maximum of 24 measurements. Thus the reference ROSCs undergo negligible stress and provide high measurement resolution, low measurement time and fast measurement step coupled with reliable measurements. For the first time, this design provides DVFS frequency shift measurement only in 1µs period after the supply transition. The test chip was implemented in a 65nm process. The frequency shift measurements were observed across different voltage supply, temperature, stress time duration, and supply ramp duration.