Erin Malone

Persistent link for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11299/200509

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Anaplastic sarcoma of the mandible in a llama
(The Canadian Veterinary Journal, 1996) Malone, Erin; Roertgen, Karen; Kobluk, Calvin
Managing degloving injuries of equine limbs
(Veterinary Medicine, 1996) Malone, Erin
Because limb injuries in horses have several unique aspects, treatment is varied and sometimes involved. Here are the different methods for successfully treating degloving injuries.
Influence of adrenergic and cholinergic mediators on the equine jejunum in vitro
(American Veterinary Medical Association, 1996) Malone, ED; Brown, DR; Trent, AM; Turner, TA
OBJECTIVE: To characterize the response of equine jejunal smooth muscle to adrenergic and cholinergic mediators. DESIGN: Evaluation of myogenic responses, using an in vitro model. SAMPLE POPULATION: Intestinal tissues were obtained from horses without gastrointestinal tract disorders or systemic disease. PROCEDURE: Baseline myogenic tone and amplitude and frequency of contraction were determined for suspended jejunal muscle strips. The level of adrenergic and cholinergic regulation was assessed, using atropine and adrenoceptor antagonists. The response of the muscles to norepinephrine was characterized, using adrenergic blockade and alpha- and beta-agonists. RESULTS: Adrenergic and cholinergic blockade had minimal effect on baseline myogenic activity. However, alpha 1- and beta 2-agonists induced significant (P < 0.05) decreases in the amplitude and frequency of contraction. Surprisingly, alpha 2-agonists caused an increase in the contraction amplitude of longitudinal muscle fibers (neurogenic in origin). Change in circular muscle activity was not induced by alpha 2-agonists. Norepinephrine induced a similar selective response and was inhibited by yohimbine. CONCLUSIONS: Baseline jejunal activity appears to be myogenic in origin and can function independently of sympathetic and parasympathetic input. However, intestinal smooth muscle can be affected by adrenergic agonists and potentially by increased concentrations of circulating catecholamines. Norepinephrine may act by altering the activity of other neurotransmitters. Differing responses between circular and longitudinal muscle fibers indicates a need to evaluate both components. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Selective alpha 2-agonists may be potentially useful for motility modification of the equine jejunum. Therapeutic use of adrenergic blockade will be effective only in cases of increased adrenergic stimulation
How To Treat Navicular Bone Fractures
(AAEP, 1997) Turner, Tracy; Malone, Erin
Navicular bone fractures can be effectively treated by immobilizing the navicular bone with a heel elevation shoe. By gradually lowering the hoof angle back to normal over a 4-month period of time, soundness for the effected limb can be achieved
Adrenergic, cholinergic and nonadrenergic-noncholinergic intrinsic innervation of the jejunum in horses
(American Veterinary Medical Association, 1999) Malone, Erin D; Kannan, Mathur S; Brown, David R; Turner, Tracy A; Trent, Ava M
OBJECTIVE: To determine the major neurotransmitters that regulate contractile activity in the jejunum of horses. SAMPLE POPULATION: Jejunal specimens from 65 horses without gastrointestinal tract lesions. PROCEDURE: Jejunal smooth muscle strips, oriented in the plane of the circular or longitudinal muscular layer, were suspended isometrically in muscle baths. Neurotransmitter release was induced by electrical field stimulation (EFS) delivered at 30 and 70 V intensities and at various frequencies on muscle strips maintained at low or high muscle tone. To detect residual nonadrenergic-noncholinergic neurotransmission, the response of muscle to EFS in the presence of adrenergic and cholinergic blockade was compared with the response in the presence of tetrodotoxin. RESULTS: Atropine (ATR) decreased the contractile response of muscle strips to EFS under most conditions. However, ATR increased the contractile response of high-tone circular muscle. Adrenergic blockade generally increased the muscle responses to 30 V EFS and in high-tone longitudinal muscle but decreased contractile responses in high-tone circular muscle. Tetrodotoxin significantly altered the responses to EFS, compared with adrenergic and cholinergic receptor blockade. CONCLUSIONS: Acetylcholine and norepinephrine appear to be important neurotransmitters regulating smooth muscle contractility in the equine jejunum. They induce contraction and relaxation, respectively, in most muscle preparations, although they may cause opposite effects under certain conditions. In addition, nonadrenergic-noncholinergic excitatory and inhibitory influences were detected. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Acetylcholine or norepinephrine release within the myenteric plexus of horses may alter gastrointestinal motility.
Evaluation of substance P as a neurotransmitter in the equine jejunum
(American Journal of Veterinary Research, 2000) Malone, Erin D; Kannan, Mathur S; Brown, David R
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether substance P (SP) functions as a neurotransmitter in equine jejunum. SAMPLE POPULATION: Samples of jejunum obtained from horses that did not have lesions in the gastrointestinal tract. PROCEDURE: Jejunal smooth muscle strips, oriented in the plane of the circular or longitudinal muscle, were suspended isometrically in muscle baths. Neurotransmitter release was induced by electrical field stimulation (EFS) delivered at 2 intensities (30 and 70 V) and various frequencies on muscle strips that were maintained at low tension or were under contraction. A neurokinin-1 receptor blocker (CP-96,345) was added to baths prior to EFS to interrupt SP neurotransmission. Additionally, direct effects of SP on muscle strips were evaluated, and SP-like immunoreactivity was localized in intestinal tissues, using indirect immunofluorescence testing. RESULTS: Substance P contracted circularly and longitudinally oriented muscle strips. Prior treatment with CP-96,345 altered muscle responses to SP and EFS, suggesting that SP was released from depolarized myenteric neurons. Depending on orientation of muscle strips and stimulation variables used, CP-96,345 increased or decreased the contractile response to EFS. Substance P-like immunoreactivity was detected in the myenteric plexus and circular muscle layers. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Substance P appears to function as a neurotransmitter in equine jejunum. It apparently modulates smooth muscle contractility, depending on preexisting conditions. Effects of SP may be altered in some forms of intestinal dysfunction. Altering SP neurotransmission in the jejunum may provide a therapeutic option for motility disorders of horses that are unresponsive to adrenergic and cholinergic drugs.
Thoracoscopic-Assisted Diaphragmatic Hernia Repair Using a Thoracic Rib Resection
(Veterinary Surgery, 2001) Malone, Erin D; Farnsworth, Kelly; Lennox, Tiffany; Tomlinson, Julia; Sage, Abby M
using thoracic rib resection aided by thoracoscopy and a flank incision. Study Design—Case report. Animal Population—One client-owned horse. Results—A six-year-old Dutch warmblood gelding was admitted for colic-associated colonic incarceration in a diaphragmatic hernia. Seven weeks after the initial colic surgery, the gelding underwent surgery to repair the defect. Thoracoscopy and a flank incision were used to identify the location of the hernia and the subsequent site of rib resection. The stomach was adhered to the edges of the defect, leaving only a small residual hole. Resection of the 14th rib provided excellent exposure of the defect and closure of the remaining hernia. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Thoracic rib resection can provide access to diaphragmatic hernias in adult horses. Thoracoscopy or a flank incision, or both, may aid in determining which rib is best resected.
Effects of intestinal ischemia on in vitro activity of adjacent jejunum in samples obtained from ponies
(American Journal of Veterinary Research, 2001) Malone, Erin D; Kannan, Mathur S
Objective—To determine whether intestinal ischemia would alter activity of the jejunum in vitro or alter staining characteristics for certain types of enteric neurotransmitters. Sample Population—Jejunal samples obtained from 10 ponies. Procedure—Jejunal samples were obtained from locations proximal and distal to an area of small intestine made ischemic for 60 minutes. A portion of each sample was stained to detect substance P-like immunoreactivity, cholinergic and adrenergic neurons, and nitric oxide synthase. Portions of the remaining samples were suspended in muscle baths. General activity patterns (frequency and amplitude of contraction), responses to neuronal depolarization induced by electrical field stimulation (EFS), and responses to 1 μM norepinephrine (NE) were compared with responses of a normal section of small intestine obtained prior to ischemic insult. Results—Staining patterns were not altered. Proximal and distal sections had evidence of decreased contractility, compared with the normal section. Contraction frequency also was decreased, and distal sections had lower contraction frequency than proximal sections. Relaxation responses were decreased in distal sections. Responses to NE differed significantly for distal and proximal sections, compared with normal sections. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Short-term ischemia can significantly affect adjacent bowel. Contractile and relaxation responses are impaired. Discrepancies in intestinal motility patterns and alterations in response to NE for sections proximal and distal to ischemic intestine could lead to clinical ileus or slowed transit of ingesta.
Managing chronic arthritis
(Veterinary Clinics Equine Practice, 2002) Malone, Erin D
Managing joint disease is a common requirement for owners of older horses. Needs range from keeping broodmares comfortable on pasture to maintaining dressage horses in performance. This article touches on the various treatment and control modalities available and discusses documented usefulness and potential side effects for the older horse.
Management of gastrointestinal pain
(Veterinary Clinics Equine Practice, 2002) Malone, Erin; Graham, Lynelle
Regular additions to the list of available analgesics have greatly eased the management of gastrointestinal dysfunction in the horse, and continuing research suggests that several more drugs are likely to be in use within the next decade. No drug comes without side effects, however. The increasing variety of products makes it more feasible to select the pharmaceutic agent providing the necessary analgesia with minimal complications. This review is designed to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the drugs currently in use and as well as to provide information about some that may become more widely available in the near future.
Severe Carpometacarpal Osteoarthritis in Older Arabian Horses
(Veterinary Surgery, 2003) Malone, Erin; Les, Cliff A; Turner, Tracy A
Objective—To report a severe form of carpometacarpal osteoarthritis (CMC-OA) affecting primarily older Arabian horses. Study Design—Retrospective study. Animals—Thirty-one horses with CMC-OA. Methods—Carpal radiographs (405 sets) from 3 hospitals were evaluated to identify horses with marked osteoproliferative reaction across the medial aspect of the CMC joint. Owners were contacted to obtain detailed histories and status updates. Necropsy specimens of the CMC joint were evaluated at 2 hospitals to determine the prevalence of 2 variations in the articulation between the proximalsecond and third metacarpal bones. Results—Thirty-one horses were identified as having marked osteoproliferative reaction at the CMC joint. Twenty-three (74%) were Arabian horses. Of the Arabian horses, the average age at admission was 14.4 years. Eight (34.8%) Arabian horses had a known history of trauma. Most were no longer rideable at presentation. Ten of the horses were subsequently euthanatized because of lameness. The dorsal and palmar articulations between the second and third metacarpal bones were examined in 177 horses. The palmar articulation was absent in 48% of Arabian horses and 12.5% of non-Arabian horses at 1 center, including 4 horses with CMC-OA. At the second center, the palmar articulation was present in 8 of 8 Arabian horses but was absent in 22 of 92 (24%) non-Arabian horses. Conclusions—An increased frequency of this crippling form of OA was observed in Arabian horses. It may reflect an increased prevalence, in some geographical regions, of an absent palmar articulation between the second and third metacarpal bones. Clinical Relevance—Carpal trauma in some Arabian horses may result in unexpectedly severe carpometacarpal osteoarthritis.
Evaluation of gastrointestinal activity patterns in healthy horses using B mode and Doppler ultrasonography
(Canadian Veterinary Journal, 2005) Mitchell, Colin F; Malone, Erin D; Sage, Abby M; Niksich, Katie
Healthy adult horses were examined by using transabdominal ultrasonography to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate activity of the jejunum, cecum, and colon with B mode and Doppler techniques. Doppler ultrasound was used to assess jejunal peristaltic activity. Examinations were performed on multiple occasions under imposed colic evaluation conditions, including fasting, nasogastric intubation, and xylazine sedation. In fasted horses, jejunal visibility was increased and jejunal, cecal, and colonic activity was decreased. The stomach was displaced ventrally and was visualized ventral to the costochondral junction. Xylazine sedation in fed horses had minimal effects; however, in fasted horses, xylazine significantly decreased jejunal and cecal activity. Nasogastric intubation in fasted horses had no observable effects on activity, but moved the stomach dorsally. B mode and Doppler jejunal activity were strongly correlated. Prior feeding and sedation status need to be considered when interpreting the results of equine abdominal ultrasound examinations. Doppler techniques may be useful for assessing jejunal activity.
Bladder outlet obstruction in a 6-month-old alpaca secondary to pelvic displacement of the urinary bladder
(Canadian Veterinary Journal, 2005) McClanahan, Susan; Malone, Erin; Anderson, Kari
A 6-month-old female alpaca was presented for stranguria. Based on the history, physical examination findings, and radiographic studies, the alpaca was diagnosed with bladder outlet obstruction, secondary to pelvic displacement of the bladder, a condition previously unreported in camelids. Cystopexy was performed and the alpaca recovered unremarkably.
Intravenous Continuous Infusion of Lidocaine for Treatment of Equine Ileus
(Veterinary Surgery, 2006) Malone, Erin; Ensink, Jos; Turner, Tracy; Wilson, Julie; Andrews, Frank; Keegan, Kevin; Lumsden, Jonathan
Objective—To determine if intravenous lidocaine is useful and safe as a treatment for equine ileus. Study Design—Prospective double-blinded placebo-controlled trial. Study Population—Horses (n¼32) with a diagnosis of postoperative ileus (POI) or enteritis and that had refluxed 420L or had been refluxing for 424 hours. Methods—Refluxing horses were administered lidocaine (1.3mg/kg intravenously [IV] as a bolus followed by a 0.05mg/kg/min infusion) or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution placebo for 24 hours. Variables evaluated included volume and duration of reflux, time to 1st fecal passage, signs of pain, analgesic use, heart rate and arrhythmias, respiratory rate, temperature, days of hospitalization, outcome (survival to discharge), and complications. Results—Of the lidocaine-treated horses, 65% (11/17) stopped refluxing within 30 hours (mean SD, 15.2 2.4 hours) whereas 27% (4/15) of the saline-treated horses stopped within 30 hours. Fecal passage was significantly correlated with response to treatment; horses that responded to lidocaine passed feces within 16 hours of starting the infusion. Compared with placebo treatment, lidocaine treatment resulted in shorter hospitalization time for survivors, equivalent survival to discharge, no clinically significant changes in physical or laboratory variables, and no difference in the rate of incisional infections, jugular thrombosis, laminitis, or diarrhea. Muscle fasciculations occurred in 3 lidocaine-treated horses (18%). Conclusion—IV lidocaine significantly improved the clinical course in refluxing horses with minimal side effects. Clinical Relevance—At the infusion rate studied, IV lidocaine is safe and should be considered for the treatment of equine ileus.
Identification of normal parameters for ultrasonographic examination of the equine large colon and cecum
(Canadian Veterinary Journal, 2007) Hendickson, EH; Malone, ED; Sage, AM
Six healthy horses were examined by using transabdominal ultrasonography, as described (1-3), to evaluate activity and size of the large colon and cecum at various locations. Using size and number of sacculations, activity patterns and contractile frequency; significant differences that would allow ultrasonographic identification of dorsal versus ventral colons, if they were displaced, were not found. The cecum had significantly greater activity than the colon, and a trend was seen towards smaller sacculations in the cecum than in the large colon
Efficacy of imiquimod 5% cream in the treatment of equine sarcoids: a pilot study
(Wiley Online Library, 2008-06-28) Nogueira, Sandra AF; Torres, Sheila MF; Malone, Erin D; Diaz, Sandra F; Jessen, Carl; Gilbert, Sophie
Imiquimod is an immune response modifier with potent antiviral and antitumour activity. The objective of this pilot study was to evaluate the efficacy of an imiquimod 5% cream (Aldara™: 3M, Saint Paul, MN, USA) as a topical treatment for equine sarcoids. Fifteen horses with a total of 19 tumours were enrolled, including mixed (7), fibroblastic (5), flat (3), verrucous (2), and nodular (2) types. Baseline data included history, physical examination, tumour location, measurement and digital photography. Imiquimod was applied by the owners three times a week until complete resolution of the tumour or 32 weeks, whichever occurred first. Tumours were measured and photographed every 4 weeks. Treatment efficacy was defined as 75% or greater reduction of tumour size by the end of the trial. Four sarcoids were withdrawn from the study. Twelve of the remaining 15 tumours (80%) showed more than 75% reduction in size and nine (60%) totally resolved between 8 and 32 weeks. The most common adverse effects of exudation, erythema, erosions, depigmentation and alopecia were limited to the tumour and adjacent areas. The results suggest that topical imiquimod is a therapeutic option for the treatment of equine sarcoids, although more detailed studies are required to corroborate these initial findings.
The efficacy of imiquimod 5% cream (Aldara) in the treatment of aural plaque in horses: a pilot open-label clinical trial
(Veterinary Dermatology, 2010) Torres, Sheila MF; Malone, Erin D; White, Stephen D; Koch, Sandra N; Watson, Johanna L
Aural plaques affect at least 22% of horses and can be asymptomatic or cause ear sensitivity. Immunohistochemical and electron microscopy studies have shown a strong association between aural plaques and papilloma virus. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of imiquimod 5% cream, an immune response modifier with potent antiviral activity, in the treatment of equine aural plaques. Twenty-one horses were enrolled and 16 completed the study. Imiquimod 5% cream was applied three times a week, every other week. When both ears were affected only the worst affected ear was treated. Adverse effects in all horses included marked local inflammation, exudation and thick crust formation at the site of treatment and the adjacent skin. Removal of the crust before treatment was painful and required sedation in most horses. Complete resolution of lesions was noted in all horses immediately post-treatment and the long-term resolution rate was 87.5%. Duration of therapy ranged from 1.5 to 8 months (median: 2.9 mean: 3.5). All horses were followed-up for 12–22 months after treatment was discontinued and only two horses had a recurrence of lesions. Clinical signs related to the aural plaques prior to treatment were reported in 11 of 16 (68.8%) horses and included resistance to touching the ears and bridling. Complete resolution of these signs was reported by the owners in all of the horses followedup for at least 12 months. In conclusion, the topical application of imiquimod 5% cream is an efficacious treatment for aural plaques in horses.
Blastomycotic osteomyelitis associated with severe lameness in a horse
(Canadian Veterinary Journal, 2011) Mendez-Angulo, Jose L; Swaab, Megan E; Malone, Erin; Olson, Erik J; Chalkley, Mark D; Aird, Betsy; Ward, Christie
A 12-year-old Quarter horse gelding was presented for evaluation of severe right forelimb lameness, 2 draining tracts over the lateral aspect of the right proximal antebrachium, and weight loss. A presumptive diagnosis of blastomycotic osteomyelitis was established based on radiographs and cytology of the exudate. This diagnosis was confirmed at necropsy.
Team-based learning in a subsection of a veterinary course as compared to standard lectures
(Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 2012) Malone, Erin; Spieth, Amie
Team-Based Learning (TBL) maximizes class time for student practice in complex problems using peer learning in an instructor-guided format. Generally entire courses are structured using the comprehensive guidelines of TBL. We used TBL in a subsection of a veterinary course to determine if it remained effective in this format. One section of the class was taught the material using PowerPoint based lectures. The other group was taught the same material by the same instructor using TBL. All students took the same examination on the material at the end of the course and again 18 months later. There were no differences in the course examination or course grades but grade distributions differed; TBL grades were more widely distributed and female TBL students outperformed male TBL students. TBL students scored significantly higher on the repeat examination. Objective student engagement was high and students were positive about the experience
Steroid diffusion into the navicular bursa occurs in horses affected by palmar foot pain
(Veterinary Record, 2012) Manfredi, J; Boyce, M; Malone, E; Anderson, C; Anderson, L; Trumble, T
Palmar foot pain is frequently treated by steroid injections into the distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) in the anticipation that the steroid will diffuse to the navicular bursa and palmar foot structures. The object of this study was to determine if triamcinolone acetonide (TA) would in fact be able to locally diffuse from the DIPJ into the navicular bursa in horses affected by palmar foot pain. Both forelimb DIPJs (nine horses) were injected with 10 mg of TA. Navicular bursa fluid samples, both forelimb and one hind limb (systemic control), were analysed for TA with high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) six hours later. Foot radiographs were graded (0-4) on severity of changes. Forelimb navicular bursa TA concentrations (mean±sd log(10), 3.20±0.56) were significantly higher than systemic control concentrations (mean±sd log(10), 1.89±0.3) (P<0.0001). Horses with a radiographic grade of >2 were four times as likely to have TA log(10) concentrations less than 3.2 (158.49 ng/ml). TA locally diffused from the DIPJ into the navicular bursa in horses affected by palmar foot pain; TA concentrations decreased as radiographic severity increased.

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