Browsing by Author "Walton, William C."
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Item Aspects of Water Resources Law in Minnesota(Water Resources Research Center, University of Minnesota, 1969-06) Haik, Raymond A.; Hills, David L.; Walton, William C.Item Codified and Uncodified State Laws and Municipal Ordinances Bearing on Water and Related Land Resources in Minnesota(Water Resources Research Center, University of Minnesota, 1968-12) Hills, David L.; Walton, William C.Item Directory of Water Resources Research Faculty at University of Minnesota and State and Private Colleges in Minnesota(Water Resources Research Center, University of Minnesota, 1973-08) Walton, William C.The purpose of this directory is to provide a listing of University of Minnesota and State and Private Colleges in Minnesota faculty having specialized training and research experience in fields directly related to water resources. In May 1973, 194 faculty members were requested to submit a short biographical sketch to the Water Resources Research Center for use in preparing this directory. Information received from 74 faculty are included in this directory. Faculty who did not submit biographical sketches are listed with names, affiliations and addresses. This directory consists of an alphabetized list of the faculty members, their departments, education, and experience. No attempt has been made, however, to be complete in listing publications, research, or other information. A keyword index has been provided to assist in locating faculty having particular specialties. There are faculty members with training and experience in all of the various fields directly related to water resources. Biologists are particularly numerous followed by Chemists, Geographers, Agricultural Engineers and Social Scientists, Ecologists, Sociologists, Public Administration and Political Scientists, and Economists. There are few Lawyers, Sanitary Engineers, Limnologists, Hydrologists, Hydraulic Engineers, Hydrogeologists, Forest Hydrologists, Climatologists, and Recreation Scientists.Item Effects of Induced Streambed Infiltration on Water Levels in Well During Aquifer Tests(Water Resources Research Center, University of Minnesota, 1966-06) Ackroyd, Earl A.; Walton, William C.The aquifer test, involving a production well and several observation wells near a stream, is one of the effects of induced streambed infiltration on water levels in aquifers. In presently available analytical treatments of flow problems associated with induced infiltration, recharge by the influent seepage of surface water is commonly simulated by use of a hypothetical image well. The assumption is made that water levels in the aquifer will behave the same whether recharge occurs over an area or through an image well. Electric analog computers, in which the streambed is simulated as an area of recharge in accordance with natural conditions instead of as a recharging image well, were used to appraise the accuracy of estimated effects of induced infiltration on water levels based on the image well theory. Electric analog computers for two aquifer test sites for which field data are available were constructed. The selected aquifer tests involve the two extreme aquifer-stream situations, i.e. the case where the cone of depression spreads beneath and beyond the entire streambed and the case where the cone of depression spreads only part way beneath the streambed. The analog computers consist of analog models and excitation-response apparatus. The analog models are regular arrays of resistors and capacitors and are scaled-down versions of aquifer-stream situations. The excitation-response apparatus consists of a power supply, waveform generator, pulse generator and an oscilloscope. It is concluded that, during induced infiltration aquifer tests, the image-well theory closely describes drawdowns on the land sides of streams with a high degree of accuracy whether the cone of depression spreads beneath and beyond or only part way beneath the streambed. Drawdowns beneath or beyond the streambed and the streambed areas of infiltration based on the image-well theory are not those which are observed in the field. However, the streambed infiltration rates per foot of head loss based on hypothetical drawdowns beneath streambeds and streambed areas of infiltration computed with the image-well theory seem to be empirically correct.Item Interest Groups with Water and Related Land Resources Programs in Minnesota, 1971(Water Resources Research Center, University of Minnesota, 1972-02) Hills, David L.; Walton, William C.In 1971, there were at least 49 Interest groups in Minnesota with major Water and related land resources programs, 4 Leagues and Associations with minor water and related land resources programs, at least 80 organizations that tend to have a continuing interest in water and related land resources issues, and at least 150 National organizations concerned with water and related land resources programs which have or could have members in the State. The Minnesota Senate 1971 registration files for lobbyists listed 1lO lobbyists in the field of water and related land resources; the House files listed 138 lobbyists. Personnel of State agencies were among these lobbyists. Of the 53 Interest groups (49 Interests groups and 4 Leagues and Associations mentioned above), 40 were conservation-preservation oriented, 8 had the word environmental in their name, and 5 were development and management oriented. Taking into consideration multiple memberships, it is estimated that approximately 25,000 citizens in Minnesota were members of the 53 Interest groups in 1971. Membership in individual Interest groups ranged from 13 to 12,000. Expenditures in 1971 for water and related land resources programs of the 53 Interest groups probably totaled in excess of $250,000. Annual expenditures by individual Interest groups ranged from $100 to in excess of $35,000. These figures do not include the thousands of hours of volunteer time by members. The sources of income were dues, contributions, donations and grants. The affairs of 45 of the 53 Interest groups were under the direction of Officers; 8 Interest groups had Boards; and 14 Interest groups had staffs. It is estimated that the number of water and related land resources Interest groups increased from about 16 in 1950 to 25 in 1960 to 33 in 1965 to 53 in 1971. Some of the Interest groups with large numbers of members and expenditures in 1971 were: Minnesota Environmental Control Citizens Association, Minnesota Public Interest Research Group, Minnesota Conservation Federation, Minnesota Association of Commerce and Industry, and Sierra Club.Item International, Regional, Federal-State, Interstate and Federal Organizations with Water and Related Land Resources Programs in Minnesota, 1971(Water Resources Research Center, University of Minnesota, 1971-09) Walton, William C.; Hills, David L.This Bulletin is concerned with the inventory of international, regional, interstate, Federal-State, and Federal organizations with activities pertaining to the water and related land resources of Minnesota as of May 1971. There are 5 International, 5 regional, 3 interstate, and 4 Federal-State organizations with programs in the State. Federal responsibilities in water and related land resources planning, development and management in Minnesota are divided among 30 units in 8 executive departments and agencies; 6 independent agencies; 6 units in the executive office of the president; 9 other boards, committees, councils and commissions; and 1 quasi official agency. 1n fiscal Year 1970, Federal Outlays for water and related land resources activities in the State totaled about $75 million or 2.3 percent of total Federal outlays in Minnesota of about $3.3 billion. There were about 1,300 Federal employees residing in Minnesota in fiscal year 1970 with assignments pertaining to water and related land resources.Item Inventory of Water Resources Research Conducted in Minnesota 1963 through 1972(Water Resources Research Center, University of Minnesota, 1973-08) Walton, William C.Total annual water resources research effort in Minnesota in terms of number of ongoing projects increased from 65 in 1963 to 149 in 1971 and was 140 in 1972. The estimated annual man-years of effort rose from 41.1 in 1963 to 200.1 in 1972. Total annual expenditures increased from $620,000 in 1963 to $3,900,000 in 1972. In 1972, Federal agencies conducted the greatest amount (50 percent of total) water resources research with the University of Minnesota, Consultants, Private organizations, State and Private Colleges and State agencies following in that order. The percentages of the total research conducted by individual Federa1 agencies were as follows: Environmental Protection Agency (National Water Quality Laboratory) -42, U.S. Department of Agriculture (Agricultural Resea\rch Service) -4, U. S. Department of Agriculture (Forest Service) -2, and U.S. Department of the Interior (Geologjcal Survey) -2. Organizations funding the greatest amounts of water resources research in 1972 were: Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Department of the Navy, National Science Foundation, Atomic Energy Commission, Northern States Power Company, Department of Defense and State agencies. In 1972, approximately 76 percent of expenditures for water resources research were Federal funds and about 24 percent were non-Federal funds. Expenditures for water resources research constituted about 3.5 percent of the total Federal and Slate outlays for water and related land resources programs in Minnesota. About 485 water resources research projects were completed during the period 1963 through 1972.Item List of References and Selected Books Bearing on Water Resources in Minnesota(Water Resources Research Center, University of Minnesota, 1972-03) Walton, William C.Item Lists of References and Selected Books Bearing on Water Resources in Minnesota(Water Resources Research Center, University of Minnesota, 1966-12) Walton, William C.Item Recharge from Induced Streambed Infiltration Under Varying Groundwater-Level and Stream-Stage Conditions(Water Resources Research Center, University of Minnesota, 1967-06) Grundeen, Gordon M.; Hills, David L.; Walton, William C.Recharge from induced streambed infiltration can be estimated with data on streambed infiltration rates, surface-water temperatures, groundwater levels, and stream stages. However, estimates of recharge are not valid unless the following factors are considered: the rate of leakage through a streambed increases in direct proportion to declines in the water table until water levels have receded to stages below streambed; after the water table recedes below the streambed, the rate of leakage remains constant and at a maximum value, provided the stream stage and temperature do not change. Incorrect water-table declines and incorrect potential yields of well fields will be computed if it assumed that the induced streambed infiltration continuously increases in direct proportion to the drawdown beneath the streambed regardless of the stage of the water table. An aquifer-stream system for which hydrogeologic data are available was studied using electric analog computers and analytical methods to gain insight into the magnitude of recharge by induced stream infiltration under complex stream-stage and groundwater level conditions. The profound influence of changes in stream stage or recharge from induced streambed infiltration is illustrated by the results of the analytical studies. The results of the electric analog computer studies demonstrate that much greater drawdowns are computed for an aquifer-stream system when maximum infiltration conditions are taken into account than when maximum infiltration conditions are ignored. The electric analog computers consist of low impedence analog models and excitation-response apparatus. The analog models are regular arrays of resistors, capacitors, transistors, and diodes and are scaled-down versions of the aquifer-stream system. The excitation-response apparatus consists of two power supplies, a waveform generator, a pulse generator, tow power amplifiers, and an oscilloscope. Analog model streambed elements were designed with resistors, transistors, and diodes to correctly simulate leakage through the steambed under maximum infiltration conditions. Streambeds must be simulated in mathematical and analog models in such a way that: 1)leakage of water through a streambed is directly proportional to the drawdown beneath the streambed until the water table declines below the streambed, thereafter, induced streambed infiltration remains constant provided the stream stage and temperature remains stationary: and 2) provided the water table remains below the streambed, leakage of water through a streambed is directly proportional to the average depth of water in the stream and varies with stream-stage changes and changes in the surface-water temperature.Item RI-06 Ground-Water Contribution to Streamflow and Its Relation to Basin Characteristics in Minnesota(Minnesota Geological Survey, 1967) Ackroyd, Earl A.; Walton, William C.; Hills, David L.Estimates of annual ground-water contribution to streamflow in 38 drainage basins of Minnesota by use of standard streamflow hydrograph separation methods permit determination of relations between ground-water runoff and such basin characteristics as geologic environment, precipitation and temperature, and percentage of lake and wetland cover. Generalized conclusions derived from analysis of the data are that ground-water runoff is (1) least from glaciated basins that have surficial lake bed sediments or gray-drift ground moraine immediately underlain by relatively impermeable bedrock and (2) greatest from glaciated basins that have surficial depos its immediately underlain by permeable bedrock or that have thick surficial loess deposits immediately underlain by permeable bedrock. Ground-water runoff is much greater from glaciated basins having red drift than from basins having gray drift. The rate of ground-water increases as annual precipitation increases. Lakes and wetlands sustain and regulate streamflow during rainless periods; if they were absent sustained streamflow from northern parts of the state would be greatly reduced. Recharge to aquifers in the state is difficult to ascertain. Because many aquifers are deeply buried by glacial materials of varying characteristics, not all ground-water runoff can be diverted into cones of depression, for there is some lateral as well as vertical movement of water in surficial deposits. Data on ground-water runoff can be useful in estimating the rate of recharge to aquifers and in evaluating the potential yields of ground-water reservoirs. However, no simple re- 1ation exists between ground-water runoff and ground-water recharge or the potential yields of aquifers. Studies of basin characteristics were handicapped because of a lack of detailed geologic information. Collection and study of data intended to describe the dimensions and water -yielding properties of unconsolidated deposits in the basins of the state are urgently needed to support hydrologic studies involving ground-water development and management decisions.Item Water and Related Land Resources State Administration, Legislative Process and Policies in Minnesota, 1970(Water Resources Research Center, University of Minnesota, 1971-01) Hills, David L.; Walton, William C.Item Water Resources Administration in Minnesota, 1972(Water Resources Research Center, University of Minnesota, 1972-04) Walton, William C.In 1970. Minnesota’s State government contained at least 21 departments, agencies, boards, commission, committees, etc. with which water and related land resources responsibilities. Expenditures by these organizations increased from $5.7 million in 1950 to $31.9 million in 1970. About 86% of expenditures were made by the Department of Conservation. Total State agency staff complements increased from 1,100 in 1960 to 1,400 in 1970. Prime responsibility for water and related land resources programs rested in 3 Committees of the Senate and 2 Committees in the House. The Governor’s and Legislature’s control of the State’s administrative apparatus is hampered through fragmented organization. A recommended plan of reorganization centers on consolidation of major functions within and Department of Natural Resources. There is need for the Legislature to enunciate a comprehensive environmental policy for the State. In 1970, there were 5 international, 5 regional, 3 interstate, and 4 Federal-State organizations with programs in the State. Federal responsibilities in water and related land resources planning, development and management in Minnesota was divided among 30 units in 8 executive departments and agencies; 6 independent agencies; 6 units in the executive office of the President; 9 other boards, committees, councils and commissions; and 1 quasi-official agency. In fiscal Year 1970, Federal outlays for water and related land resources activities in the State totaled about $75 million or 2.3 percent of total Federal outlays in Minnesota of about $3.3 billion. There were about 1,300 Federal employees residing in Minnesota in fiscal year 1970 with assignments pertaining to water and related land resources. In 1971, there were at least 49 Interest groups in Minnesota with major water and related land resources programs, 4 Leagues and Associations with minor water and related land resources programs, at least 80 organizations that tend to have a continuing interest in water related land resources issues, and at least 150 National organizations concerned with water and related land resources programs which have or could have members in the State. The Minnesota Senate 1971 registration files for lobbyists listed 110 lobbyists in the field of water and related land resources; the House files listed 138 lobbyists. Of the 53 Interest groups (49 Interest group sand 4 Leagues and Associations mentioned above), 40 were conservation-preservation oriented, 8 had the word environmental in their name, and 5 were development and management oriented. Taking into consideration multiple memberships, it is estimated that approximately 25,000 citizens in Minnesota were members of the 53 interest groups in 1971. Membership in individual Interest groups ranged from 13 to 12,000. Expenditures in 1971for water and related land resources programs of the 53 Interest groups probably totaled in excess of $250,000. Annual expenditures by individual Interest groups ranged from $100 to in excess of $35,000. These figures do not include the thousands of hours of volunteer time by members. The sources of income were dues, contributions, donations, and grants. The affairs of 45 of the 53 Interest groups were under the direction of Officers; 8 Interest groups had Boards; and 14 Interest groups had staffs. It is estimated that the number of water and related land resources Interest groups increased from about 16 in 1950 to 25 in 1960 to 33 in 1965 to 53 in 1971. In the past, there has been considerable activity in Minnesota associated with the development and management of water and related land resources. For example, water-supply and sewage treatment plants have been constructed at most cities and villages as well as by many industries. Water-oriented recreation facilities have been provided in connection with parks, waysides, reserves, and monuments, etc. scattered throughout the State. Fish management programs have been extended to many areas and hundreds of wildlife management areas have been developed. Wetland waterfowl production areas being managed. Agricultural lands have been drained in extensive areas and farmers have made considerable progress in the installation of conservation practices to reduce and control soil erosion. Some flood control and prevention have been accomplished as soil and water conservation projects of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Extensive improvements of rivers and harbors for navigation are located along the Mississippi River and in the Duluth-Superior area. Past development and management practices, as substantial as they are, have not kept pace with the steadily growing demands placed upon water and related land resources. Not only does Minnesota have catch up problems to contend with in the future, continuing pressures and demands for enhancement of the enivironemnt and improved economic well-being can be expected to create steadily growing demands for water and related land resources. There exists many water and related land resource problems associated with such matters as: pollution of streams, lakes and groundwater; water-oriented recreation; water supply; flooding; navigation; and land use. Responsibilities for water and related land resources data acquisition and handling in Minnesota are shared among many Federal, State, local and private organizations. The diffusion of responsibility makes it difficult to launch a comprehensive attack on environmental and other problems. Divided responsibility means that some needed data acquisition and handling programs slip between the cracks and disappear from view. One such program is the development of a statewide water and related land resources data system. A statewide water and related land resources - data system is needed to improve the coordination of data acquisition and handling responsibilities, to improve the efficiency of data programs, and to upgrade and fill deficiencies in data programs. Institutional arrangements must be devised to design the system. A State Environmental Policy Bill, H.F. No. 2405, introduced by Messrs. Dunn, Norton, Becklin, Munger and Knutson passed the House on May 21, 1971 with a vote of yeas 117 and nays 12. A companion bill, S.F. 2048, introduced by Messrs. Gage, Gustafson, and Popham and referred to the Committee on Civil Administration was not reported out-of-Committee. H.F. No. 2405, passed by the House, was introduced in the Senate on May 22, 1971. The bill was never read for the third time, thus, it never came up for vote in the Senate. This bill addressed itself to many existing water and related land resources planning policy questions as did a report approved by the Land and Water Resource s Committee, House of Representatives on November 30, 1970. During 1971 and 1972, several Subcommittees of Committees of the State Senate and House held joint hearings on water and related land resources issues. Governor Anderson in April 1972 established an Environmental Quality Council with a Citizens Advisory Committee. These actions could lead to the passage of a State Environmental Policy Act during the 1973 Session of the Legislature and to the improvement of government for water and related land resources programs in Minnesota.Item Water Resources Problems and Research Needs in Minnesota, 1974 - Guidelines for Research Programs(Water Resources Research Center, University of Minnesota, 1974-06) Walton, William C.In May 1973, there were 194 faculty members at the University of Minnesota and State and Private Colleges in Minnesota with water resources expertise. Water resources research effort in Minnesota, 1963 through 1972, in terms of numbers of ongoing projects increased from 65 in 1963 to 140 in 1972. The estimated annual man-years of effort rose from 41 in 1963 to 200 in 1972. Total expenditures increased from $620,000 in 1963 to $3,900,000 in 1972. Federal agencies conducted the greatest amount (50 percent of total research) with the University of Minnesota, Consultants, Private Organizations, State and Private Colleges, and State agencies following in that order. About 485 water resources research projects were completed during the period 1963 through 1972. In 1972, approximately 76 percent of expenditures for water resources research were Federal funds and about 24 percent were non-Federal funds. Eight water resources problem-research need analysis conferences were held during 1973 to determine research needs and to set research need priorities. A committee reviewed institutional arrangements for coordinating water resources research efforts in Minnesota and recommended that he Water Resources Research Center expand its Advisory Committee to include additional members from State Colleges and Branches of the University of Minnesota. A statewide priority list of 230 needed research projects was generated and research costs ($9 million) and manpower (500 man-years) needs were estimated. High priority needed water resources research topics were identified as follows: Methods for making beneficial use of waste heat from thermal power production in Minnesota. Identification and evaluation of groundwater pollution caused by municipal and industrial waste discharges, urbanization, and agricultural practices; monitoring groundwater pollution in Minnesota; and identifying groundwater pollution hazard areas. Management methods and techniques for protecting groundwater resources in Minnesota. Improving the water resources planning process in Minnesota by integrating water resources planning with land-use planning; integrating water quality planning with total water resources planning; and more fully considering alternatives, environmental consequences, public interests, and priority setting. Alternative solutions for small community waste disposal problems in Minnesota; income index-hardship cases involving pollution control policies. Determining the optimum balance between preservation and protection of wetlands and drainage for agricultural practices in Minnesota; social and economic impacts of wetland drainage. Ways and means for encouraging the private sector to preserve and protect wetlands in Minnesota; feasibility of providing tax (individual and county) incentives for wetland preservation. Estimating the effects of future large groundwater withdrawals in the Minneapolis/St. Paul area on groundwater levels, stream flows, lake levels, and pollution hazards; social and economic impacts of withdrawals; design of computer hydrologic system model. Projecting average annual flood damages with a vigorous floodplain: zoning program involving both urban and rural lands in Minnesota; assisting the State in mapping flood plain areas and determining flood hazards; assisting local governmental entities in carrying out floodplain management programs Economic sanctions and incentives that could more effectively eliminate pollution in Minnesota Feasibility of wastewater land disposal systems in Minnesota; environmental impacts; recycling nutrients present discharged into water bodies Determining the physical, social and economic impacts of alternative methods of taconite tailings disposal in Minnesota; environmental aspects of on-land disposal of taconite tailings; ecological and health hazards associated with taconite tailings disposal in Lake Superior Evaluating the water quality impacts associated with possible future copper-nickel mining and processing in Minnesota Estimating groundwater recharge under various watershed characteristics in Minnesota; dynamics of groundwater flow systems Institutional arrangements for improving the coordination of water resources agencies and programs in Minnesota; improving communication between professionals and professionals and professionals and citizens Reuse and sequential use of water in Minnesota; increasing the efficiency of water use According to future projections based on past trends, total expenditures for water resources research conducted in Minnesota could increase from about $3.9 million in 1972 to about $8 million in the year 2020. Projections of expenditures can only be classified as modest. About 67 percent of water resources research proposals submitted by faculty of the University of Minnesota and State and Private Colleges in 1972 was funded. There is a need for about $700,000 of additional annual financial support. This need could be met within a reasonable period of time if Congress were to appropriate and the President were to release additional funds consistent with its full authorizations associated with the amended Federal Water Resources Research Act and the Federal Water Pollution Control Act amendments of 1972, and the State Legislature, through the Minnesota Resources Commission, were to increase its annual financial support for water resources research by at least $100,000.Item Water Resources Research and Educational Needs in Minnesota(Water Resources Research Center, University of Minnesota, 1967-03) Walton, William C.