This readme.txt file was generated on 20241205 by Artur Stefanski Recommended citation for the data: Stefanski, Artur; Butler, Ethan B.; Williams, Laura J.; Bermudez, Raimundo; Guzman, J. Antonio; Larson, Andrew; Townsend, Philip A.; Montgomery, Rebecca A.; Cavender-Bares, Jeannine; Reich, Peter B.. (2024). Data set used in publication titled: All the light we cannot see: Climate manipulations leave short and long-term imprints in spectral reflectance of trees. Retrieved from the Data Repository for the University of Minnesota (DRUM), https://doi.org/10.13020/5jj1-8040. ------------------- GENERAL INFORMATION ------------------- 1. Title of Dataset Data for All the light we cannot see: Climate manipulations leave short and long-term imprints in spectral reflectance of trees 2. Author Information Principal Investigator Contact Information Name: Artur Stefanski Institution: University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point Address: 2100 Main Street, Stevens Point, WI 54481, USA Email: astefans@uwsp.edu ORCID: 0000-0002-5412-1014 Co-investigator Contact Information Name: Ethan Butler Institution: University of Minnesota Address: Green Hall, 1530 Cleveland Avenue N, St Paul, MN 55108, USA Associate or Co-investigator Contact Information Name: Laura J. Williams Institution: Western Sydney University Address: Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Science Road, Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia Email: laura.williams@westernsydney.edu.au ORCID: 0000-0003-3555-4778 Associate or Co-investigator Contact Information Name: Raimundo Bermudez Institution: University of Minnesota Address: Green Hall, 1530 Cleveland Avenue N, St Paul, MN 55108, USA Email: bermu019@umn.edu Associate or Co-investigator Contact Information Name: J. Antonio Guzmàn Q. Institution: Harvard University Address: 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Email: aguzman@fas.harvard.edu Associate or Co-investigator Contact Information Name: Andrew Larson Institution: University of Minnesota Address: Green Hall, 1530 Cleveland Avenue N, St Paul, MN 55108, USA Email: lars6777@umn.edu Associate or Co-investigator Contact Information Name: Philip Townsend Institution: University of Freiburg Address: 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA Email: ptownsend@wisc.edu Associate or Co-investigator Contact Information Name: Rebecca Montgomery Institution: University of Minnesota Address: Green Hall, 1530 Cleveland Avenue N, St Paul, MN 55108, USA Email: rebeccam@umn.edu Associate or Co-investigator Contact Information Name: Jeannine Cavender-Bares Institution: Harvard University Address: 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Email: jcavender@fas.harvard.edu Associate or Co-investigator Contact Information Name: Peter B. Reich Institution: University of Minnesota Address: Green Hall, 1530 Cleveland Ave. N, St Paul, MN 55108 Email: preich@umn.edu 3. Date published or finalized for release: 2024 4. Date of data collection (YYYYMMDD) 2021-2023 5. Geographic location of data collection (where was data collected?): At the B4WarmED open air warming research facility located at the Cloquet Forestry Center (Minnesota, USA, 46°40’46”N 92°31’12”W) and Hubachek Wilderness Research Center (Minnesota, USA, 47°56’42” N 91°45’29” W) 6. Information about funding sources that supported the collection of the data: This research was supported by the NSF Biology Integration Institute ASCEND (Advancing Spectral Biology in Changing Environments to understand Diversity; NSF-DBI-2021898) and the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, and Office of Biological and Environmental Research award number DE‐FG02‐07ER64456; Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station MN-42-030 and MN-42-060; the College of Food, Agricultural and Natural Resources Sciences and Wilderness Research Foundation, University of Minnesota. 7. Overview of the data (abstract): Anthropogenic climate change, particularly changes in temperature and precipitation, affects plants in multiple ways. Because plants respond dynamically to stress and acclimate to changes in growing conditions, diagnosing quantitative plant-environment relationships is a major challenge. One approach to this problem is to quantify leaf responses using spectral reflectance, which provides rapid, inexpensive, and nondestructive measurements that capture a wealth of information about genotype as well as phenotypic responses to the environment. However, it is unclear how warming, and drought affect spectra. To address this gap, we used an open-air field experiment that manipulates temperature and rainfall in 36 plots at two sites in the boreal-temperate ecotone of northern Minnesota, USA. We collected leaf spectral reflectance (400-2400 nm) at the peak of the growing season for three consecutive years on juveniles (two to six years old) of five tree species planted within the experiment. We hypothesized that these mid-season measurements of spectral reflectance capture a snapshot of the leaf phenotype encompassing a suite of physiological, structural, and biochemical responses to both long- and short-time scale environmental conditions. We show that the imprint of environmental conditions experienced by plants hours to weeks before spectral measurements is linked to regions in the spectrum associated with stress, namely the water absorption regions of the near-infrared and shortwave infrared. In contrast, the environmental conditions plants experience during leaf development leave lasting imprints on the spectral profiles of leaves, attributable to leaf structure and chemistry (e.g., pigment content and associated ratios). Our analyses show that after accounting for baseline species spectral differences, spectral responses to the environment do not differ among the species. This suggests that building a general framework for understanding forest responses to climate change through spectral metrics may be possible, likely having broader implications if the common responses among species detected here represent a widespread phenomenon. Consequently, these results demonstrate that examining the entire spectrum of leaf reflectance for environmental imprints in contrast to single features (e.g. indices and traits) improves inferences about plant-environment relationships, which is particularly important in times of unprecedented climate change. -------------------------- SHARING/ACCESS INFORMATION -------------------------- 1. Licenses/restrictions placed on the data: Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) 2. Links to publications that cite or use the data: Stefanski, A., Butler, E.E., Williams, L.J., Bermudez, Raimundo., Guzmán Q., J.A., Larson, A., Townsend, P.A., Montgomery, R.A., Cavender-Bares, J., Reich, P.B., (accepted) All the light we cannot see: Climate manipulations leave short and long-term imprints in spectral reflectance of trees. Ecology 3. Was data derived from another source? No 4. Terms of Use: Data Repository for the U of Minnesota (DRUM) By using these files, users agree to the Terms of Use. https://conservancy.umn.edu/pages/policies/#drum-terms-of-use --------------------- DATA & FILE OVERVIEW --------------------- This dataset comprises the following data files 1. File List A. Filename: Stefanski_et_al_Ecology_2021-2023_green_leaf_spectra_data.csv Short description: Individual measurements of green leaf spectral reflectance taken on plants grown at the B4WarmED research project. B. Filename: Stefanski_et_al_Ecology_2021-2023_pheno_obs_summary_by_spp_data.csv Short description: Summary of individual phenological observations for species that were used for spectral measurements at the B4WarmED research project. C. Filename: Stefanski_et_al_Ecology_2021-2023_climate_data.csv Short description: Hourly measurements of the climate variables at the B4WarmED research project. 1.1. Relationship between files: File 'A' - contains leaf-level spectral measurements of green leaf of five broadleaves species grown in differing environmental conditions mimicking future climate conditions File 'B' - contains summary of phenological observations for the species used in spectral measurements File 'C' - contains hourly measurements of environmental variables defining growing conditions above and below ground in which seedlings of 5 broadleaves species were grown for three growing seasons -------------------------- METHODOLOGICAL INFORMATION -------------------------- Description of methods used for collection/generation of data: Methods are documented in the following publication: Stefanski et al. (accepted) All the light we cannot see: Climate manipulations leave short and long-term imprints in spectral reflectance of trees. Ecology. See also the file: Stefanski_et_al_Ecology_All_the_light_we_cannot_see-methods_DRUM.pdf. People involved with sample collection, processing, analysis and/or submission: Artur Stefanski, Laura Williams, Raimundo Bermudez, Ethan Butler with assistance from B4WarmED interns, collected data in the field at Artur Stefanski, Raimundo Bermudez, Ethan Butler J.Antonio Guzman Q and Laura Williams processed and analyzed data. ----------------------------------------- DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: 1. A. Stefanski_et_al_Ecology_2021-2023_green_leaf_spectra_data.csv ----------------------------------------- 1. Number of variables: 1080 2. Number of cases/rows: 1612 3. Missing data codes: N/A 4. Variable List A. Name: site Description: name of the research site CFC - Cloquet Forestry Center HWRC - Hubacheck Wilderness Research Center B. Name: canopy Description: description of the ligt environmental conditions in which research plots are located open - research plots are located in previously harvested forest stand C. Name: plotID Description: unique alhpanumeric identifier for each research plot at the B4WarmED research project D. Name: species Description: acronyms for species used in the experiment Species codes: ACERU = Acer rubrum ACESAN = Acer saccharum northern population BETPA = Betula papyrifera QUEMAC = Quercus macrocarpa central Minnesota population QUEMAIL = Quercus macrocarpa central Illinois with known mother trees population QUEMACMN = Quercus macrocarpa central Minnesota with known mother trees population QUEMACOK = Quercus macrocarpa central Oklahoma with known mother trees population QUERU = Quercus rubra E. Name: location Description: location of each seedling within research plot F. Name: YYYYMMDD Description: date of the measurement G. Name: heat_trt Description: acronym of the warming treatment designator. ambT - control plots with ambient temperature +1.7C - warming treatment with 1.7C above the ambient +3.4C - warming treatment with 3.4C above the ambient H. Name: H2O_trt Description: acronym of the rainfall reduction treatment ambR - rainfall control plots that received all rain redR - plots that received reduced rainfall I. Name: columns 9 (I) to 1080 (AON) Description: spectral wavelengths of the leaf reflectance (e.g. 354 - reflectance at 354nm) ----------------------------------------- DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: 1. B. Stefanski_et_al_Ecology_2021-2023_pheno_obs_summary_by_spp_data.csv ----------------------------------------- 1. Number of variables: 12 2. Number of cases/rows: 648 3. Missing data codes: N/A 4. Variable List A. Name: species Description: acronyms for species used in the experiment Species codes: ACERU = Acer rubrum ACESAN = Acer saccharum northern population BETPA = Betula papyrifera QUEMAC = Quercus macrocarpa central Minnesota population QUEMAIL = Quercus macrocarpa central Illinois with known mother trees population QUEMACMN = Quercus macrocarpa central Minnesota with known mother trees population QUEMACOK = Quercus macrocarpa central Oklahoma with known mother trees population QUERU = Quercus rubra B. Name: site Description: name of the research site CFC - Cloquet Forestry Center HWRC - Hubacheck Wilderness Research Center C. Name: heat_trt Description: acronym of the warming treatment designator. ambT - control plots with ambient temperature +1.7C - warming treatment with 1.7C above the ambient +3.4C - warming treatment with 3.4C above the ambient D. Name: H2O_trt Description: acronym of the rainfall reduction treatment ambR - rainfall control plots that received all rain redR - plots that received reduced rainfall C. Name: when bb Description: binary designator when first budbreak occurred. 0 = no budbreak 1 = budbreak D. Name: when 1 leaf Description: binary designator when first leaf was unfolded 0 = no first leaf 1 = first leaf E. Name: when major Description: binary designator for majority of leaves were unfolded 0 = no majority of leaves unfolded 1 = majority of leaves unfolded F. Name: Min(doy) Description: First day of year when a given phenophase occurred G. Name: Max(doy) Description: last day of year when a given phenophase occurred H. Name: Mean DOY Description: average day of year when a given phenophase occurred I. Name: bb_1l_ml Description: combined designator for each phenophase 1 = budbreak 2 = first leaf 3 = majority of leaves J. Names: YYYYMMDD Description: day of the observation for each phenophase ----------------------------------------- DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: 1. C. Stefanski_et_al_Ecology_2021-2023_climate_data.csv ----------------------------------------- 1. Number of variables: 16 2. Number of cases/rows: 520128 3. Missing data codes: N/A 4. Variable List A. Name: timestamp Description: time stamp of each measurement that includes date and hour minute and seconds B. Name: site Description: name of the research site CFC - Cloquet Forestry Center HWRC - Hubacheck Wilderness Research Center C. Name: canopy Description: description of the light environmental conditions in which research plots are located open - research plots are located in previously harvested forest stand D. Name: plot Description: unique alhpanumeric identifier for each research plot at the B4WarmED research project E. Name: heat_trt Description: acronym of the warming treatment designator. ambT - control plots with ambient temperature +1.7C - warming treatment with 1.7C above the ambient +3.4C - warming treatment with 3.4C above the ambient F. Name: H2O_trt Description: acronym of the rainfall reduction treatment ambR - rainfall control plots that received all rain redR - plots that received reduced rainfall G. Name: Above temp Description: Above ground surface temperature in degrees of Celsius. H. Name: Soil temp Description: Soil temperature in degrees of Celsius. I. Name: VPD Description: Vapour Pressure deficit J. Name: VWC Description: Volumetric Water content (cm^3 H2O/cm^3 Soil) K. Name: Rainfall (mm) Description: Ambient rainfall in mm L. Name: RainfallRemoval (mm) Description: rainfall as received by each plot based on the rainfall removal schedule in mm M. Names: par_tot Description: total photosynthetic active radiation in mmol/m^2second N. Name: par den Description: density of photosynthetic active radiation in micromols/s/m^2 O. Name: Atmo_H2O_potential_(MPa) Description: Atmospheric water potential in MPa P. Names: SWP_MPa_gupta_par Description: soil water potential in MPa