This readme.txt file was generated on <2023-10-18> by Canan Karatekin GENERAL INFORMATION 1. Title of Dataset: Is Fair Representation Good for Children? Effects of Electoral Partisan Bias in State Legislatures on Policies Affecting Children’s Health and Well-Being 2. File Information: A. Filename: Partisan bias study data.xls B. Short description: This Excel file contains the raw data used in the study. C. Filename: Partisan bias study R script.R D. Short description This file contains all the R codes for all the statistical analyses. E. Filename: RedistrictingR.csv F. Short description: CSV version of raw study data used in R G. If data set includes multiple files related to one another, include relationship here: The Excel sheet contains the raw data for the study, and the R script contains the R script for analyzing all the data. The raw data in the Excel sheet can be easily converted to a csv file recognized by R by copying and pasting all the data, starting at Row 6, into a csv file. 3. Principal Investigator Contact Information A. Name: Canan Karatekin, Ph.D. B. Institution: Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota--Twin Cities C. Address: 51 E. River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455 D. Email: karat004@umn.edu 4. Associate or Co-investigator Contact Information A. Name:Susan Marshall Mason, Ph.D., MPH B. Institution: Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota--Twin Cities C. Address:300 West Bank Office Building, Minneapolis, MN 55454 D. Email: smmason@umn.edu 5. Associate or Co-investigator Contact Information A. Name: Michael Latner, Ph.D. B. Institution:California Polytechnic State University C. Address:Building 47, Room 11L, San Luis Obispo, California 93407 D. Email:mlatner@calpoly.edu 6. Associate or Co-investigator Contact Information A. Name: Bria Gresham, M.A. B. Institution:Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota--Twin Cities C. Address:51 E. River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455 D. Email:gresh027@umn.edu 7. Associate or Co-investigator Contact Information A. Name: Frederique Corcoran, M.A. B. Institution:Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota--Twin Cities C. Address:51 E. River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455 D. Email:freddietcorcoran@gmail.com 8. Associate or Co-investigator Contact Information A. Name: Anna Hing, Ph.D. B. Institution:Center for Antiracism Research for Health Equity, University of Minnesota--Twin Cities C. Address:2001 Plymouth Ave N, Suite 106, Minneapolis, MN 55411 D. Email:hing0013@umn.edu 9. Associate or Co-investigator Contact Information A. Name: Andrew Barnes, M.D., MPH B. Institution:Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota--Twin Cities C. Address:General Pediatrics & Adolescent Health, Room 353, 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414 D. Email:drbarnes@umn.edu 10. Date of data collection (single date, range, approximate date): Approximately September, 2021 to January, 2023 11. Geographic location of data collection (where was data collected?): The study is based on archival data collected electronically. Data analyses were conducted in Minneapolis, Minnesota. 12. Date files were created: 20231018 13. Are there multiple versions of the dataset? no 14. Information about funding sources that supported the collection of the data: The study had no funding. METHODOLOGICAL INFORMATION 1. Description of methods used for collection/generation of data: Data were obtained primarily from the U.S. federal government sites, the University of Kentucky Center for Poverty Research, the National Association of State Budget Officers, researchers at the National Bureau of Economic Research, and researchers at other universities. 2. Methods for processing the data: Data were entered into the Excel file, exported into a csv file, and then analyzed in R. 3. Instrument-specific information needed to interpret the data: n/a 4. Standards and calibration information, if appropriate: n/a 5. Environmental/experimental conditions: n/a 6. Describe any quality-assurance procedures performed on the data: The data did not involve any qualitative judgments, so inter-rater reliability was not calculated. We performed spot checks to ensure that the data were entered correctly and exploratory data analyses to check for missing data and to ensure that there were no unexplained outliers or other indicators of errors. 7. Codes or symbols used to note or characterize low quality/questionable outliers that people should be aware of n/a 8. People involved with sample collection, processing, analysis and/or submission: The PI and all of the co-investigators listed above, under General Information. Carl Klarner provided the raw election data used for calculating partisan bias measures Brian Hamel provided information and data on the efficiency gap and policy conservatism measures Lucie Schmidt provided data on the composite measure of five safety net programs Rosabelle Yang and Sara Davis helped with data collection and entry Grace Goller and Rachel Kritzik provided several references at the end of the study Laura Bell, Alicia Kubas, and Jenny McBurney provided library assistance. DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION 1. Parameters and/or variables used in the data set The variables are the same as the column headings in Question #2. 2. Column headings for tabular data The column headings below are for Sheet 1 of the Excel file. Please note that Rows 2:5 explain the data sources and the variables. The information below is copied and pasted from Rows 3 and 5. Sheet 2 (explained below) contains Consumer Price Index data. Sheet 2 was used to calculate the inflation-adjusted values in Sheet 1. A. Name: State B. Description: Abbreviation of the name of the state C. Units of measurement: n/a D. Name: State_name E. Description: Full name of the state F. Units of measurement: n/a G. Name: Year H. Description: Year I. Units of measurement: n/a J. Name: State_year K. Description: Combination of state and year L. Units of measurement: n/a M. Name: Efficiency_gap_in_most_recent_election_Klarner_Step 1 N. Description: Step 1 of the calculation of the efficiency gap in the most recent election, based on Klarner's data set O. Units of measurement: n/a P. Name: Efficiency_gap Q. Description: This column adjusts the sign to indicate whether the bias is pro-Democrat or pro-Republican (+ = pro-Democrat bias, - = pro-Republican bias) R. Units of measurement: n/a S. Name: Efficiency_gap_absolute T. Description: Absolute value of the efficiency gap U. Units of measurement: n/a V. Name: Vote_seat_discrepancy W. Description:Difference between seat share in the lower chamber in Year X + 1 and vote share in Year X or the most recent previous election for the lower chamber; the formula is from Shugart, 2017; note that Klarner's data set is missing all data for LA & data for 1968-1984 for VT X. Units of measurement: n/a Y. Name: Party_favored_by_partisan_bias Z. Description: Compares seats in Year X+1 to the most recent previous election (1 = favors Democrats, 2 = favors Republicans) AA. Units of measurement: n/a AB. Name: Directional_vote_seat_discrepancy AC. Description: Adds signs to vote-seat discrepancy for Aim 2; In the formula, 1 = favors Democrats, 2 = favors Republicans, 0 = neither; so + = pro-D bias, - = pro-R bias AD. Units of measurement: n/a AE. Name: Education_revenue_from_state AF. Description: Education revenue from the state to the school districts in thousands of dollars; each year's report refers to the previous year (e.g., FY 2019 is for school year 2018-2019, so it is entered under 2018) AG. Units of measurement: U.S. dollars AH. Name: Education_revenue_per_child AI. Description: Education revenue divided by population under 18 (i.e., proportion under 18 x total state population), multiplied by 1000 AJ. Units of measurement: U.S. dollars AK. Name: Education_inflation_adjusted AL. Description: Dollar amount in Year X * (Annual Consumer Price Index (CPI) in 2021/Annual CPI in Year X); the formulas are linked to the CPI sheet in the Excel file AM. Units of measurement: U.S. dollars AN. Name: Medicaid_expenditures_general AO. Description:"State General" funds from Actual Fiscal Year in the NASBO reports; all numbers are in millions of dollars AP. Units of measurement: U.S. dollars AQ. Name: Medicaid_expenditures_other AR. Description: "State Other" funds from Actual Fiscal Year in the NASBO reports; all numbers are in millions of dollars AS. Units of measurement: U.S. dollars AT. Name: Medicaid_expenditures_bonds AU. Description:"Bonds" column from Actual Fiscal Year in the NASBO reports; all numbers are in millions of dollars AV. Units of measurement: U.S. dollars AW. Name: Medicaid_total AX. Description: Sum of the previous three columns AY. Units of measurement: U.S. dollars AZ. Name: Medicaid_per_capita BA. Description: Medicaid_total divided by total state population, multiplied by 1,000,000 BB. Units of measurement: U.S. dollars BC. Name: Medicaid_inflation_adjusted BD. Description: Dollar amount in Year X * (Annual CPI in 2021/Annual CPI in Year X); the formulas are linked to the CPI sheet in the Excel file BE. Units of measurement: U.S. dollars BF. Name: Minimum_wage BG. Description: Dollar amount of the minimum wage BH. Units of measurement: U.S. dollars BI. Name: Minimum_wage_inflation_adjusted BJ. Description: Dollar amount in Year X * (Annual CPI in 2021/Annual CPI in Year X); the formulas are linked to the CPI sheet in the Excel file BK. Units of measurement: U.S. dollars BL. Name: Unemployment_max_amount BM. Description: Maximum unemployment benefits (not including special dependent allowances, etc.) BN. Units of measurement: U.S. dollars BO. Name: Unemployment_max_duration BP. Description: Maximum number of weeks eligible for benefits BQ. Units of measurement: number of weeks BR. Name: Unemployment_total BS. Description: Maximum benefits x maximum number of weeks eligible for benefits BT. Units of measurement: U.S. dollars BU. Name: Unemployment_inflation_adjusted BV. Description: Dollar amount in Year X * (Annual CPI in 2021/Annual CPI in Year X); the formulas are linked to the CPI sheet in the Excel file BW. Units of measurement: U.S. dollars BX. Name: AFDC_TANF_3_person BY. Description: AFDC/TANF benefits for 3-person households BZ. Units of measurement: U.S. dollars CA. Name: AFDC_TANF_inflation_adjusted CB. Description: Dollar amount in Year X * (Annual CPI in 2021/Annual CPI in Year X); the formulas are linked to the CPI sheet in the Excel file CC. Units of measurement: U.S. dollars CD. Name: AFDC_TANF_recipients CE. Description: Average Monthly Number of Total Recipients of AFDC/TANF CF. Units of measurement: number of recipients CG. Name: AFDC_TANF_recipients_percentage CH. Description: Number of recipients/total state population*100 CI. Units of measurement: percentage CJ. Name: Ave_cash_food_benefits CK. Description: "Average cash & food benefits from TANF, SSI, EITC/ACTC, SNAP, and Medicaid/CHIP ... for a ... simulated...national sample of single-mother families in which the mother is a US citizen and high school graduate without disabilities who has two or more children, including at least one under the age of 6." (https://www.nber.org/reporter/2021number4/safety-net-program-interactions-and-impacts-low-income-families) CL. Units of measurement: U.S. dollars CM. Name: Ave_cash_food_benefits_inflation_adjusted CN. Description:Dollar amount in Year X * (Annual CPI in 2021/Annual CPI in Year X); the formulas are linked to the CPI sheet in this file CO. Units of measurement: U.S. dollars CP. Name: Population_total CQ. Description: Total population of the state CR. Units of measurement: Number of people CS. Name: Whites_proportion CT. Description: Proportion of Whites in the state CU. Units of measurement: proportion CV. Name: Under18_proportion CW. Description: Proportion of individuals under 18 in the state CX. Units of measurement: proportion CY. Name: Foreign_born CZ. Description: Number of foreign-born people in the state. Includes linear interpolation of the raw number of foreign-borns for 1981-1989 and 1991-1993 & for 2020; DA. Units of measurement: number of people DB. Name: Foreign_born_proportion DC. Description:Number of foreign-born people divided by total state population DD. Units of measurement: proportion DE. Name: State_GDP DF. Description: State GDP, in millions of dollars DG. Units of measurement: Millions of U.S. dollars DH. Name: State_GDP_per_capita DI. Description: State GDP divided by state population and multiplied by 1,000,000 to correspond to actual dollars per capita DJ. Units of measurement: U.S. dollars DK. Name: State_GDP_inflation_adjusted DL. Description: GDP per capita dollar amount in Year X * (Annual CPI in 2021/Annual CPI in Year X); the formulas are linked to the CPI sheet in the Excel file DM. Units of measurement: U.S. dollars DN. Name:Poverty_rate DO. Description: Poverty rate, as defined by the Kentucky researchers (their Column AK) DP. Units of measurement: percentage DQ. Name: Income_inequality DR. Description: Top 1%'s share of the income reported by everyone in the state based on tax returns DS. Units of measurement: percentage DT. Name: Proportion_metro_original DU. Description: Proportion of people in the state living in metropolitan areas DV. Units of measurement: proportion DW. Name: Proportion_non_metro_original DX. Description: Proportion of people in the state living in non-metropolitan areas DY. Units of measurement: proportion DZ. Name: Proportion_metro_unknown EA. Description: Proportion of people in the state whose metropolitan status is unknown EB. Units of measurement: proportion EC. Name: Proportion_metro ED. Description: Leaves blank the state-years where >10% are unknown EE. Units of measurement: proportion EF. Name: Proportion_non_metro EG. Description: Leaves blank the state-years where >10% are unknown EH. Units of measurement: proportion EI. Name: Policy_conservatism_cultural EJ. Description: Mass policy conservatism on social issues, range from about -1 to 1, with the scale running from very liberal (negative) to very conservative (positive) EK. Units of measurement: See the Description EL. Name: Policy_conservatism_economic EM. Description: Mass policy conservatism on economic issues, range from about -1 to 1, with the scale running from very liberal (negative) to very conservative (positive) EN. Units of measurement: See the Description EO. Name: Lower_chamber_proportion_by_party_favored_by_vote_seat_discrepancy EP. Description: Proportion of lower chamber seats held by the party favored by vote-seat discrepancy EQ. Units of measurement: proportion ER. Name: Lower_chamber_proportion_by_party_favored_by_efficiency_gap ES. Description: Proportion of lower chamber seats held by the party favored by efficiency gap ET. Units of measurement: proportion EU. Name: Lower_chamber_control_by_party_favored_by_partisan_bias EV. Description: Does the party favored by partisan bias control the lower chamber (i.e., hold more than 50% of the seats)? 1 = Party favored by partisan bias controls the lower chamber, 2 = Party favored by partisan bias does not control the lower chamber EW. Units of measurement: n/a EX. Name: Minority_D_rule_lower_chamber EY. Description: Did the Democrats receive < 50% of the vote, but >50% of the legislative seats? 1 = Minority rule by Democrats, 0 = Not minority rule by Democrats EZ. Units of measurement: n/a FA. Name: Minority_R_rule_lower_chamber FB. Description: Did the Republicans receive < 50% of the vote, but >50% of the legislative seats? 1 = Minority rule by Republicans, 0 = Not minority rule by Republicans FC. Units of measurement: n/a FD. Name: Unified_control FE. Description: Whether the governor + majorities in both chambers are affiliated with the same party (i.e., trifecta) 1 = Democratic trifecta, 2 = Republican trifecta, 0 = Divided government FF. Units of measurement: n/a FG. Name: Effect_modifier_0_4 FH. Description: Combines the modifers into one categorical variable; 0= party favored by partisan bias does not rule lower chamber, 1= party favored by partisan bias rules the lower chamber, but it's not minority or unified rule, 2 = party favored by partisan bias rules the lower chamber & it's unified rule, but not minority rule, 3 = party favored by partisan bias rules the lower chamber & it's minority rule but not unified rule, 4= party favored by partisan bias rules the lower chamber & it's both minority & unified rule FI. Units of measurement: n/a FJ. Name: Effect_modifier FK. Description: A variable used to determine whether the effects would be modified by nature & degree of government control; 0= Party favored by partisan bias does not rule lower chamber, 1= Party favored by partisan bias rules the lower chamber, but it is not minority or unified rule, 2 = Party favored by partisan bias rules the lower chamber and it is unified rule, but not minority rule, 3 = Party favored by partisan bias rules the lower chamber and it is minority rule but not unified rule OR party favored by partisan bias rules the lower chamber and it is both minority and unified rule FL. Units of measurement: n/a FM. Name: Vote_seat_for_trifecta_party FN. Description: Vote seat discrepancy in favor of the party in control of the trifecta; If the Democrats have a trifecta, the sign is not switched, but if the Republicans have a trifecta, the sign is switched FO. Units of measurement: n/a FP. Name: Efficiency_gap_for_trifecta_party FQ. Description: Efficiency gap in favor of the party in control of the trifecta; If the Democrats have a trifecta, the sign is not switched, but if the Republicans have a trifecta, sign is switched FR. Units of measurement: n/a FS. Name: Governor_party FT. Description: Party affiliation of the governor; 1 = Democrat, 0 = Republican, 2= Third party FU. Units of measurement: n/a FV. Name: Lower_chamber_proportion_Democrats FW. Description: Proportion of the state lower chamber that is Democrat; the denominator is Democrats + Republicans & does not include any legislators from other parties FX. Units of measurement: proportion FY. Name: Lower_chamber_Ds_compared_to_50_percent FZ. Description: Difference between the proportion of Democrats in the lower chamber and 50% GA. Units of measurement: proportion GB. Name: Upper_chamber_proportion_Democrats GC. Description: Proportion of the state upper chamber that is Democrat; the denominator is Democrats + Republicans & does not include any legislators from other parties GD. Units of measurement: proportion GE. Name: Was there an election in this year for the lower chamber? GF. Description: Was there an election this year for the state lower chamber? Note that some states (AL, MD, MS) have elections for lower chamber every 4 years, & the Klarner data set is missing vote data for all of LA & 1968-1984 for VT GG. Units of measurement: n/a GH. Name: Proportion_of_votes_for_D_for_lower_chamber_in_most_recent_election GI. Description: Proportion of votes for Democrats for the lower chamber in the most recent election GJ. Units of measurement: proporition GK. Name: Proportion_of_votes_for_R_for_lower_chamber_in_most_recent_election GL. Description: Proportion of votes for Republicans for the lower chamber in the most recent election GM. Units of measurement: proportion GN. Name: Statewide_lower_chamber_votes_for_Ds GO. Description: Votes for all Democrats running for the lower chamber GP. Units of measurement: number of votes GQ. Name: Statewide_lower_chamber_votes_for_Rs GR. Description: Votes for all Republicans running for the lower chamber GS. Units of measurement: number of votes GT. Name: Proportion_of_votes_for_D_for_lower_chamber GU. Description: Proportion of votes for Democrats for the lower chamber GV. Units of measurement: proportion GW. Name: Proportion_of_votes_for_R_for_lower_chamber GX. Description: Proportion of votes for Republicans for the lower chamber GY. Units of measurement: proportion The column headings below are for Sheet 2 of the Excel file. The data were copied directly from https://data.bls.gov/pdq/SurveyOutputServlet The Year in Column A and the annual CPI in Column N was used to calculate the inflation-adjusted values in Sheet 1. 3. Codes or symbols used to record missing data Missing data were indicated by blanks. 4. Other specialized formats or abbreviations used: n/a 5. Additional related data collected that was not included in the current data package: n/a SHARING/ACCESS INFORMATION 1. Licenses/restrictions placed on the data: CCBY 4.0 International 2. Links to publications that cite or use the data: The manuscript of the study was accepted at Social Science and Medicine on 10/17/23. I will provide the link when the journal sends it to me. 3. Links to other publicly accessible locations of the data: n/a 4. Links/relationships to ancillary data sets: n/a 5. Was data derived from another source? A. List source(s): Please see Methodological Information #1 above. 6. Recommended citation for the data: Karatekin, C., Mason, S. M., Latner, M., Gresham, B., Corcoran, F., Hong, A., & Barnes, A. (in press). Is fair representation good for children? Effects of electoral partisan bias in state legislatures on policies affecting children’s health and well-being. Social Science and Medicine. This will be updated when the article is published. Credits: Template provided by the University of Minnesota Libraries, http://lib.umn.edu/datamanagement ------------------------ R Session information: ------------------------ R version 4.3.1 (2023-06-16 ucrt) Platform: x86_64-w64-mingw32/x64 (64-bit) Running under: Windows 10 x64 (build 19045) Matrix products: default locale: [1] LC_COLLATE=English_United States.utf8 LC_CTYPE=English_United States.utf8 LC_MONETARY=English_United States.utf8 [4] LC_NUMERIC=C LC_TIME=English_United States.utf8 time zone: America/Chicago tzcode source: internal attached base packages: [1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods base other attached packages: [1] gridExtra_2.3 lspline_1.0-0 lmtest_0.9-40 zoo_1.8-12 plm_2.6-3 [6] GGally_2.1.2 gplots_3.1.3 showtext_0.9-6 showtextdb_3.0 sysfonts_0.8.8 [11] scales_1.2.1 clubSandwich_0.5.10 mediation_4.5.0 sandwich_3.0-2 mvtnorm_1.2-3 [16] lme4_1.1-35.1 Matrix_1.6-2 nlme_3.1-163 formattable_0.2.1 plotrix_3.8-4 [21] pastecs_1.3.21 lubridate_1.9.3 forcats_1.0.0 stringr_1.5.0 dplyr_1.1.3 [26] purrr_1.0.2 readr_2.1.4 tidyr_1.3.0 tibble_3.2.1 tidyverse_2.0.0 [31] plotly_4.10.3 data.table_1.14.8 ppcor_1.1 MASS_7.3-60 tableone_0.13.2 [36] ggplot2_3.4.4 loaded via a namespace (and not attached): [1] RColorBrewer_1.1-3 rstudioapi_0.15.0 jsonlite_1.8.7 magrittr_2.0.3 farver_2.1.1 nloptr_2.0.3 [7] rmarkdown_2.25 vctrs_0.6.4 minqa_1.2.6 base64enc_0.1-3 progress_1.2.2 htmltools_0.5.7 [13] survey_4.2-1 broom_1.0.5 Formula_1.2-5 KernSmooth_2.23-22 htmlwidgets_1.6.2 plyr_1.8.9 [19] lifecycle_1.0.4 pkgconfig_2.0.3 R6_2.5.1 fastmap_1.1.1 rbibutils_2.2.16 collapse_2.0.6 [25] digest_0.6.33 colorspace_2.1-0 reshape_0.8.9 miscTools_0.6-28 crosstalk_1.2.0 Hmisc_5.1-1 [31] labeling_0.4.3 fansi_1.0.5 timechange_0.2.0 mgcv_1.9-0 httr_1.4.7 abind_1.4-5 [37] compiler_4.3.1 withr_2.5.2 htmlTable_2.4.2 backports_1.4.1 carData_3.0-5 DBI_1.1.3 [43] psych_2.3.9 gtools_3.9.4 caTools_1.18.2 tools_4.3.1 foreign_0.8-85 nnet_7.3-19 [49] glue_1.6.2 grid_4.3.1 checkmate_2.3.0 cluster_2.1.4 generics_0.1.3 lpSolve_5.6.19 [55] gtable_0.3.4 tzdb_0.4.0 hms_1.1.3 car_3.1-2 utf8_1.2.4 ggrepel_0.9.4 [61] pillar_1.9.0 installr_0.23.4 mitools_2.4 splines_4.3.1 lattice_0.22-5 survival_3.5-7 [67] tidyselect_1.2.0 knitr_1.45 xfun_0.41 stringi_1.8.1 lazyeval_0.2.2 yaml_2.3.7 [73] boot_1.3-28.1 evaluate_0.23 cli_3.6.1 rpart_4.1.21 Rdpack_2.6 munsell_0.5.0 [79] Rcpp_1.0.11 bdsmatrix_1.3-6 parallel_4.3.1 ellipsis_0.3.2 prettyunits_1.2.0 bitops_1.0-7 [85] viridisLite_0.4.2 crayon_1.5.2 maxLik_1.5-2 rlang_1.1.2 mnormt_2.1.1