This readme.txt file was generated on 2023-08-07 by Briana Gross Recommended citation for the data: Spear, Marissa M; Levi, Sophie J; Etterson, Julie R; Gross, Briana L. (2023). Resurrecting Urban Sunflowers: Phenotypic and Molecular Changes between Antecedent and Modern Populations Separated by 36 Years. Retrieved from the Data Repository for the University of Minnesota. https://doi.org/10.13020/4kz8-7m08. ------------------- GENERAL INFORMATION ------------------- 1. Title of Dataset: Resurrecting Urban Sunflowers: Phenotypic and Molecular Changes between Antecedent and Modern Populations Separated by 36 Years 2. Author Information Author Contact: Briana L Gross (blgross@d.umn.edu) Name: Marissa M Spear Institution: University of Minnesota - Duluth Email: ORCID: Name: Sophie J Levi Institution: University of Minnesota - Duluth Email: ORCID: Name: Julie R Etterson Institution: University of Minnesota - Duluth Email: ORCID: Name: Briana L Gross Institution: Email: blgross@d.umn.edu ORCID:0000-0003-0782-3811 3. Date published or finalized for release: 2023-08-07 4. Date of data collection (single date, range, approximate date): 2018-05-01 to 2018-09-30 5. Geographic location of data collection (where was data collected?): Duluth, MN 46°49’2” N, 92°5’13” W 6. Information about funding sources that supported the collection of the data: N/A 7. Overview of the data (abstract): Resurrection experiments provide a unique opportunity to evaluate phenotypic and molecular evolution in response to environmental challenges. To understand evolution of urban populations of Helianthus annuus, we compared plants from 36-year-old antecedent seed collections to modern seed collections from the same area using molecular and quantitative genetic approaches. We found 200 differentially expressed transcripts between antecedent and modern groups, and transcript expression was generally higher in modern samples as compared to antecedent samples. Admixture analysis indicated gene flow from domesticated to modern populations over time. After a greenhouse refresher generation, one antecedent-modern population pair was grown under two water availability (well-watered and drought) and temperature (ambient and elevated by 2.8°C) conditions reflecting historical and contemporary climates. Overall, 78% (7 out of 9) of traits differed between the antecedent and modern populations, with modern individuals displaying some trait changes that are coherent with climate changes expectations and some trait changes in the direction of crop varieties. Phenotypic selection analysis showed that modern trait values were often favored by selection, especially in environmental treatments resembling modern conditions. Trait heritability in the antecedent population was twice as high as in the modern population, on average. In addition, phenotypic plasticity for some traits, such as flowering phenology, was present in the antecedent population but absent in the modern population. The combination of phenotypic and molecular information suggests that evolution has been influenced by crop-wild introgression, adaptive processes, and drift. We discuss these results in the context of continued evolution in response to anthropogenic factors. -------------------------- SHARING/ACCESS INFORMATION -------------------------- 1. Licenses/restrictions placed on the data: CC0 1.0 Universal (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) 2. Links to publications that cite or use the data: 3. Was data derived from another source? No If yes, list source(s): 4. Terms of Use: Data Repository for the U of Minnesota (DRUM) By using these files, users agree to the Terms of Use. https://conservancy.umn.edu/pages/drum/policies/#terms-of-use --------------------- DATA & FILE OVERVIEW --------------------- File List Filename: helidata_final.xlsx Short description: Phenotypic data Filename: Readme_Gross_2023.txt Short description: Description of phenotypic data -------------------------- METHODOLOGICAL INFORMATION -------------------------- 1. Description of methods used for collection/generation of data: We obtained seeds from two 36-year-old populations and two of their nearest extant contemporary populations. For the antecedent populations, we retrieved distributions of two accessions of H. annuus that were originally collected from an urban environment in 1980 by the United States Department of Agriculture National Plant Germplasm System (USDA-NPGS). These seeds were sampled from two sites in Minneapolis, MN, USA, which we refer to as the “Antecedent Central” (AC, PI 613744; 44°58'48'' N, 93°15'49'' W) and “Antecedent North” populations (AN, PI 613745; 45°1'2'' N, 93°17'50'' W). For the contemporary populations, we returned to the 1980 collection coordinates in 2016 and collected seeds from the nearest extant contemporary populations which we refer to as the “Modern Central” (MC; 44°58'50'' N, 93°14'34'' W) and “Modern North” (MN; 45°0'22'' N, 93°16'42'' W) populations. For each antecedent population, its modern equivalent was located <2 km from the original 1980 collection coordinates, In order to reduce the effects of seed age and environmental carryover from contrasting seed storage and field conditions, a refresher generation was produced for one Antecedent (AN) and one Modern population (MN). It was only possible to refresh one of the two Antecedent-Modern population pairs because of greenhouse space constraints. Seeds were germinated and grown in the UMD Greenhouse according to the Supporting Information. To produce experimental lines, plants were randomly crossed to two other plants in the same population to produce 12 Antecedent and nine Modern family lines. 2. Methods for processing the data: Two phenological traits, date of first bud and date of first flower, were recorded. In early August, the uppermost fully expanded leaf of each plant was collected, flattened under glass, and photographed. Leaf area was determined using Easy Leaf Area (Easlon & Bloom, 2014), and samples were weighed after being dried for 72 hours at 80° C. Specific leaf area (SLA) was calculated as leaf area (m2) divided by dry mass (kg). Height and stem diameter were measured every other week (June to mid-August). Here we report the final measurements taken in late October at the end of the growing season and after the date of the typical first hard frost of September 30. At this time, the total number of inflorescences were counted and 1-10 inflorescences from two individuals per family per environment treatment were harvested, except for three lines where only one individual was harvested. The seeds on these heads were counted and weighed to estimate average seed weight and total plant fecundity (average number of seeds per inflorescence multiplied by total inflorescence number). Citation: Easlon, H. M., & Bloom, A. J. (2014). Easy Leaf Area: Automated digital image analysis for rapid and accurate measurement of leaf area. Applications in Plant Sciences, 2(7), 1400033. doi:10.3732/apps.1400033 3. Instrument- or software-specific information needed to interpret the data: N/A 4. Standards and calibration information, if appropriate: N/A 5. Environmental/experimental conditions: To compare Antecedent and Modern phenotypes and also test climate responses, the refreshed generation of seeds were germinated and planted into an outdoor experimental array at the UMD Research & Field Studies Center (RFSC, 46°49’2” N, 92°5’13” W). Seedlings (N = 960) were arranged in a randomized block design under six rainout shelters (N=160 per shelter). Under each rain-out shelter, plants were exposed to a factorial set of temperature and water treatments: ambient temperature + well-watered (AW), ambient temperature + drought (AD), elevated temperature + well-watered (EW), and elevated temperature + drought (ED) (N=40 plants per treatment replicate). Families were distributed as evenly as possible across the treatments (Antecedent: 12 families, 438 individuals; Modern: 9 families, 517 individuals). The temperature and watering treatments were designed to test approximate climate changes that have occurred during the 36-year time interval between the Antecedent (1980) and Modern (2016) collections. 6. Describe any quality-assurance procedures performed on the data: NA 7. People involved with sample collection, processing, analysis and/or submission: The authors of the dataset: Spear, Marissa M, Levi, Sophie J, Etterson, Julie R, and Gross, Briana L ----------------------------------------- DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: helidata_final.xlsx ----------------------------------------- 1. Number of variables: 21 2. Number of cases/rows: 955 3. Missing data codes: NA No data, not applicable because the plant died 4. Variable List Phenotypic, phenological, and fitness data for modern and antecedent Helianthus annuus plants grown in four experimental conditions. Columns include the following: sample = individual ID number age = antecedent (collected in 1980) or modern (collected in 2016) family = family treatment = two letter combination describing temperature and water treatment (AW, AD, EW, ED) water_drought = water treatment; well-watered or drought temp = temperature treatment; elevated or ambient block = block final.height = final height measurement in cm final.diam = final stem diameter in cm final.branch = final branch number, count final.flower = final flowering head number, count DFF = date of first flower JulianDFF = Julian day to first flower DFBud = date of first bud JulianDF.Bud = Julian day of first bud SLA = specific leaf area, cm^2/kg collected.seeds = number of seeds counted from collected flowering heads total.seedweight = weight of collected seeds avg.weight.per.seed = seed weight divided by collected seed number counted.flower = number of collected flowering heads from which seeds were counted avg.seed.num = collected seed number divided by the number of collected flowering heads from which seeds were counted