This readme.txt file was generated on 20230803 by George S. Bailey (edited by curator 20230830) Recommended citation for the data: Peker, Alper Tunga; Boge, Veysel; Bailey, George S.; Wagman, Jeffrey, B; Stoffregen, Thomas A.. (2023). APAL/Konya Higher Order Affordances in Soccer 2020-22. Retrieved from the Data Repository for the University of Minnesota, https://doi.org/10.13020/40v8-w797. ------------------- GENERAL INFORMATION ------------------- 1. Title of Dataset APAL/Konya Higher Order Affordances in Soccer 2020-22 2. Author Information Principal Investigator Contact Information Name: Dr. Thomas A. Stoffregen Institution: University of Minnesota - Twin Cities Address: Affordance Perception-Action Laboratory, 5B Cooke Hall, 1900 University Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455 Email: tas@umn.edu ORCID: Associate or Co-investigator Contact Information Name: Dr. Jeffrey B. Wagman Institution: Illinois State University Address: Department of Psychology, Campus Box 4620, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 61790 Email: jbwagma@ilstu.edu ORCID: Associate or Co-investigator Contact Information Name: Dr. Alper Tunga Peker Institution: Gumushane University Address: Gumushane University, School of Physical Education and Sport, Bağlarbaşı Mah, Gumushane/Merkez 2900 Email: tungapeker@hotmail.com ORCID: Associate or Co-investigator Contact Information Name: Dr. Veysel Böge Institution: Selçuk University Address: Selcuk University, Faculty of Sport Science, Aladdin Keykubat Campus, Bosna Hersek Mah, Selcuklu/Konya 42300 Email: veyselboge@selcuk.edu.tr ORCID: Associate or Co-investigator Contact Information Name: George S. Bailey Institution: University of Minnesota - Twin Cities Address: Affordance Perception-Action Laboratory, 5B Cooke Hall, 1900 University Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455 Email: bail0324@umn.edu ORCID: 0000-0001-5407-8477 3. Date published or finalized for release: 2023-01-30 4. Date of data collection (single date, range, approximate date) 20201102; 20210615 5. Geographic location of data collection (where was data collected?): Konya, Turkey 6. Information about funding sources that supported the collection of the data: Jeffrey B. Wagman was supported by an Illinois State University Summer Faculty Fellowship.Thomas A. Stoffregen was supported by NSF-1901423. 7. Overview of the data (abstract): We investigated perception of higher-order interpersonal affordances for kicking that emerged from lower-order personal and interpersonal affordances in the context of soccer. Youth soccer players reported the minimum gap width between two confederates through which they could kick a ball. In Experiment 1, we co-varied the egocentric distance of gaps from participants, and the nominal role of the confederates, either as teammates or opponents. In Experiment 2, we additionally varied the direction in which the confederates were facing, either together (i.e., into the gap) or away (i.e., away from the gap). Perceived minimum kickable gap width was larger for farther egocentric distances, when confederates were identified as opponents rather than as teammates, and (in Experiment 2) when confederates faced toward, rather than away from the gap. In both experiments, these main effects were subsumed in statistically significant interactions. We argue that these interactions reveal perception of higher-order interpersonal affordances for kicking that emerged from the simultaneous influence of lower-order affordances. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that these higher-order affordances were perceived, as such, and were not inferred from independent perception of underlying, lower-order affordances. -------------------------- SHARING/ACCESS INFORMATION -------------------------- 1. Licenses/restrictions placed on the data: CC0 1.0 Universal (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) 2. Links to publications that cite or use the data: Peker, A. T., Böge, V., Bailey, G. S., Wagman, J. B., & Stoffregen, T. A. (2023). Perception of higher-order affordances for kicking in soccer. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 49(5), 623. https://doi.org/10.1037/xhp0001108 3. Was data derived from another source? No 4. Terms of Use: Data Repository for the U of Minnesota (DRUM) By using these files, users agree to the Terms of Use. https://conservancy.umn.edu/pages/drum/policies/#terms-of-use --------------------- DATA & FILE OVERVIEW --------------------- 1. File List A. Filename: 11-21 Opponent Judgments wMeans.xlsx Short description: All data for the 'Opponent' variable used in the study in Microsoft Excel format B. Filename: 11-21 Teammate Judgments wMeans.xlsx Short description: All data for the 'Teammate' variable used in the study in Microsoft Excel format C. Filename: 11-21 Opponent Judgments wMeans - csv.csv Short description: All data for the 'Opponent' variable used in the study in .csv format D. Filename: 11-21 Teammate Judgments wMeans - csv.csv Short description: All data for the 'Teammate' variable used in the study in .csv format 2. Relationship between files: File A and B complete the dataset, with one being for the 'Opponent' variable used in the study, and the other for the 'Teammate' variable. Files C and D are duplicates of these datasets, only in .csv format. -------------------------- METHODOLOGICAL INFORMATION -------------------------- 1. Description of methods used for collection/generation of data: Experiment 1: The experiment was conducted on a soccer pitch, which was 65m × 100m. During data collection, all participants stood side-by-side on a line on the field, facing away from the experimenter (Peker, Böge et al., 2020). Participants were called to participate individually, at which point they would move to the appropriate position, facing the experimenter. This method ensured that participants could not observe each other’s participation. To give their perceptual reports, participants used the method of adjustment. The participant instructed the confederates to move (apart or together) until he was satisfied that the gap between the confederates was the minimum gap through which he would be able to kick a ball in a given condition (i.e., combination of confederate roles and kick distance). Once the participant was satisfied with the gap width, an Experimenter measured the distance between confederates using a tape measure. Experiment 2: This experiment was also conducted on a 65m x 100m soccer pitch. We retained the Kick Distance and Team factors from Experiment 1, and added a third factor, Facing Direction. As shown in Figure 3, the confederates whose position defined the to-be-kicked-through gaps stood either facing away from each other (and, thus, facing away from the future path of the to-be-kicked ball), or facing toward each other (and, thus, facing toward the future path of to-be-kicked ball). The Kick Distance, Team, and Facing Direction factors were independently manipulated to yield a total of 16 different experimental conditions. Each participant gave four perceptual reports in each of the 16 conditions, for a total of 64 perceptual reports for each participant. In each condition, two trials began with the confederates positioned together, and two with the confederates positioned apart. 2. Methods for processing the data: Experiment 1: We analyzed perceptual reports using a 3-factor, repeated measures ANOVA, with factors of Kick Distance (10 m, 20 m, 30 m, 40 m from the participant), Team (Teammates vs. Opponents), and Trial Type (starting position of confederates: apart vs. together). Each factor was within-participants. Where the assumption of sphericity was violated, we used the Hyun-Feldt correction and, accordingly, sometimes report fractional degrees of freedom. To investigate the nature of the interaction found following the above analysis, for each participant we calculated difference scores (i.e., mean reported gap width in the Opponents condition minus mean reported gap width in the Teammates condition) at each Kick Distance. We then compared mean difference scores at consecutive distances, using t-tests with Bonferroni corrections. Experiment 2: We conducted a 3-factor, repeated measures ANOVA on factors Kick Distance (10 m, 20 m, 30 m, 40 m), Team (Teammates vs. Opponents) and Facing Direction (Together vs. Away). Each factor was within-participants. Where the sphericity assumption was violated, we used the Huynh-Feldt correction, which can yield fractional degrees of freedom. To investigate the nature of the 3-way interaction, we conducted two separate 2-factor, repeated measures ANOVAs on factors Kick Distance (10 m, 20 m, 30 m, 40 m) and Team (Teammates vs. Opponents)— one ANOVA in the Facing Together condition and the other in the Facing Away condition. Our conclusions require comparing patterns of results across two ANOVAs. Given this fact, we confirmed the validity of our conclusions by conducting follow-up analyses. These analyses required calculating differences scores in two steps. In the first step, for each participant, we subtracted mean reported gap width in the Facing together condition from mean reported gap width in the Facing Away condition for each Team condition at each Kick Distance. We then calculated mean difference scores in each Team condition and plotted these against Kick Distance. In the second step, for each participant, we subtracted the difference scores from step 1 in the Opponents condition from those in the Teammate condition at each Kick Distance. Doing so yielded values representing the difference in gap size between the Facing Away condition and the Facing Together Condition in each of the Team Conditions at each of the Kick Distances. 3. Instrument- or software-specific information needed to interpret the data: All data analysis was conducted in IBM SPSS Statistics, though the universal file format of the data should be supported by any statistical software. 4. Standards and calibration information, if appropriate: N/A 5. Environmental/experimental conditions: N/A 6. Describe any quality-assurance procedures performed on the data: N/A 7. People involved with sample collection, processing, analysis and/or submission: Dr. Veysel Böge, Dr. Alper Tunga Peker, George S. Bailey, Dr. Jeffrey B. Wagman, Dr. Thomas A. Stoffregen ------------------------------------------------------------------- DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: 11-21 Opponent Judgments wMeans.xlsx ------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Number of variables: 2 (Distance, Facing Direction) 2. Number of cases/rows: 20 3. Missing data codes: N/A 4. Variable List A. Name: Distance Description: The distance of the confederates from the participant 10m, 20m, 30m, 40m B. Name: Facing Direction Description: Whether confederates were facing away from each other, or towards each other at the beginning of the trial Together, Apart ------------------------------------------------------------------- DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: 11-21 Teammate Judgments wMeans.xlsx ------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Number of variables: 2 (Distance, Facing Direction) 2. Number of cases/rows: 20 3. Missing data codes: N/A 4. Variable List A. Name: Distance Description: The distance of the confederates from the participant 10m, 20m, 30m, 40m B. Name: Facing Direction Description: Whether confederates were facing away from each other, or towards each other at the beginning of the trial Together, Apart